粉煤灰对水中酸性品红的吸附研究

以粉煤灰为吸附剂,研究了粉煤灰对酸性品红的吸附效果。选取了粒径、投加量、温度、时间、转速、染料浓度6个因素进行单因素实验,研究了各个因素对粉煤灰的影响,研究表明,粉煤灰对酸性品红的吸附效果很好,最高去除率可达99.63%;并且从热力学和动力学两方面对粉煤灰吸附酸性品红的过程进行拟合,结果表明,粉煤灰对酸性品红吸附的热力学过程比较符合模型Langmuir EXT1,动力学过程比较符合准一级吸附动力学方程Box Lucas1。     

施磷对香溪河黄棕壤磷素淋失的影响研究

为了阐明香溪河流域黄棕壤在降雨条件下磷素通过淋溶流失的特征,采取室内连续淋洗的方法对香溪河黄棕壤的磷素淋溶特征进行了研究。结果表明,磷素的淋溶损失随着施磷水平的提高而增加,不同施磷量处理的淋洗峰值出现的时间无显著差异,淋失的磷主要以可溶性磷为主。施肥提高了各土层土壤的有效磷含量,施肥后土壤无机磷各形态磷之间并没有明显的相互转化规律,但是各组分所占无机磷比例的高低呈现O-PCa-PFe-PAl-P的规律。     

Influences of perfluorooctanoic acid on the aggregation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The aggregation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in the aqueous phase not only inhibits their extensive utilization in various aspects but also dominates their environmental fate and transport.The role of surfactants at low concentration in the aggregation of MWCNTs has been studied,however the effect of perfluorinated surfactants at low concentration is uncertain.To understand this interfacial phenomenon,the influences of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA),and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a control,on MWCNT aggregation in the aqueous phase were examined by the UV absorbency method.Influences of pH and cationic species on the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) value were evaluated.The CCC values were dependent on the concentration of PFOA,however a pronounced effect of SDS concentration on the CCC values was not observed.The CCC values of the MWCNTs were 51.6 mmol/L in NaCl and 0.28 mmol/L in CaCl 2 solutions,which suggested pronounced differences in the effects of Na+ and Ca2+ ions on the aggregation of the MWCNTs.The presence of both PFOA and SDS significantly decreased the CCC values of the MWCNTs in NaCl solution.The aggregation of the MWCNTs took place under acidic conditions and was not notably altered under neutral and alkaline conditions due to the electrostatic repulsion of deprotonated functional groups on the surface of the MWCNTs.     

二级SBR系统处理染料废水长期运行的稳定性

考察了处理染料废水的二级SBR系统在连续运行120个周期过程中的稳定性.系统的运行先后经历了低染料浓度和高染料浓度2种情况.试验发现在长期运行过程中,二级SBR系统对进水水质及操作条件具有良好的适应性;能够有效去除废水中的污染物,对染料的平均去除率为81%～92.5%,对COD的平均去除率为89.4%～93.1%;出水水质比较稳定.在二级SBR系统中,厌氧污泥活性高,降解污染物能力强;好氧活性污泥形成团簇状结构,有利于稳定出水水质.     

含氧非烃在土壤剖面上迁移行为的土柱淋滤模拟研究

为了揭示土壤剖面中含氧非烃污染物的迁移特征,以及TOC和淋滤水量等因素对迁移作用的影响,选择了部分典型的含氧非烃开展了纵向迁移的土柱淋滤实验,对原土及添加污染物的土柱淋滤实验后样品中含氧非烃的含量及组成进行了对比分析.结果表明,土柱淋滤实验后,土柱表层添加的含氧非烃主要残留在土柱表层0~5 cm范围内,但相比所添加的化合物的量均有不同程度的降低,土柱深部(>10 cm)土壤中含氧非烃含量仍然很低,甚至低于原土中的,在TOC较高的土柱中,这种现象尤为突出.说明土柱淋滤实验过程中,不同剖面含氧非烃均存在向下迁移的现象,且以水溶方式迁移为主.不同含氧非烃单体含量均有随深度增加而降低的趋势,表明其在土壤剖面淋滤过程中均具有一定的迁移性,但不同性质的含氧非烃单体在表层土中残留量及组成差别较大,说明不同化合物迁移能力存在差别,其中,胆甾醇、β-谷甾醇、正构十六烷酸和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯迁移性较强.土壤TOC和淋滤水量对含氧非烃在土壤剖面的迁移作用都有不同程度的影响,淋滤水量相同时,TOC含量越高,土壤中有机质越丰富,越容易富集含氧非烃;TOC相同时,淋滤水量越大,含氧非烃迁移量越大,迁移的深度越大,尤其在TOC含量较低时更明显.     

高压密闭消解土壤砷、汞、铅、镉酸体系比较

采用高压密闭消解系统消解土壤,氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)测定As和Hg,石墨炉原子吸收光度法(GF-AAS)测定Pb和Cd,对比了不同消解酸体系对国家土壤标准参考样中As、Hg、Pb、Cd的消解效果。结果表明,盐酸-硝酸体系对As、Hg、Pb和Cd的消解平均回收率分别为26.1%、100.6%、69.7%、87.3%;硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸体系中As、Hg、Pb和Cd消解平均回收率分别为109.9%、84.7%、87.5%、90.1%;硝酸-双氧水体系对Hg、Pb、Cd消解平均回收率分别为104.8%、95.1%、93.3%,对As的回收率虽只有69.2%,但数据精密度最好。此外,从简化试验步骤,减少误差,提高检测效率及减少试验危险性等方面综合评价,认为硝酸-双氧水消解体系是采用高压密闭系统消解土壤重金属的最理想酸体系。     

硫酸雾测试方法若干问题思考

简述了我国硫酸雾测试方法的发展历史,分析和总结了《固定污染源废气硫酸雾的测定离子色谱法》(HJ 544—2016)存在的一些争议和问题,包括硫酸雾的定义、测试方法的干扰控制等。分析认为,相比《硫酸工业污染物排放标准》(GB 26132—2010),HJ 544—2016对硫酸雾的定义更加合理。实验结果表明:硫酸盐是测试方法条件下的目标物,滤筒可以显著地捕捉硫酸盐。9组样品滤筒中,被测目标物所占比例为7. 9%～69. 1%;滤筒和前吸收液中,被测目标物所占比例为93. 7%～97. 8%。HJ 544—2016新增加的两级串联碱液吸收瓶可以较完全地捕集穿透滤筒后的硫酸雾,同时也会捕集SO₂。SO₂会对硫酸雾测试产生正干扰,约42. 9%的SO₂在被吸收后转化为硫酸雾。     

Effects of simulated acid rain on fertility of litchi

The regulatory role of calcium in fertility of pollen and pistil under simulated acid rain was investigated. The germination percentage of pollen treated with acid rain of pH 4.5 was 9.42% lower than that of control, and that of pH 3.5, pH 2.5 and pH 1.5 were 22.47%, 45.49% and 71.62%, respectively. Simultaneously, the injury character of pollen was obviously observed when flowers were treated with acid rain of pH 3.5. The difference in fruit setting rate between the female flower treated with acid rain of pH 4.0 and the control was significant at p 〈 0.05. Ca（NO3 ）5 of 0.2-0.4 mmol/L could promote pollen germination under the stress of acid rain. The beneficial function was reduced when calcium concentration surpassed 0.8 mmol/L. Spraying 2 mmol/L Ca（NO3 ）5 reduced the injury of acid rain to pistil and increased fruit-setting rate significantly. The physiological importance of calcium during pollen germination and pistil development was also discussed.     

覆膜与降雨类型对土壤水分及NO3--N淋失的影响

在丹江口库区青塘河五龙池小流域,以黄棕壤横垄种植玉米为例,设置覆膜与无覆膜两种处理,采用田间小区实验研究覆膜与降雨类型对0~30 cm土壤水分和NO-3-N淋失的影响.结果表明:两处理土壤含水量均随土层加深而增加,与无覆膜相比覆膜可降低0~10、10~20、20~30cm土层中的含水量.不同降雨类型对覆膜土壤含水量的影响有区别,小雨时3层土壤间差异显著,含水量随土层加深急剧增加;中雨时10~20cm比0~10 cm、20~30 cm比10~20 cm分别高50.80%、6.62%,0~10 cm土壤含水量显著低于10~20 cm和20~30 cm;暴雨时含水量随土层加深增幅变小;覆膜土壤土层越深土壤含水量受降雨的影响越小.覆膜可降低0~10、10~20 cm土层中的NO-3-N淋失量,分别降低40.74%、24.48%,但会增加20~30 cm的淋失;两处理土壤NO-3-N淋失量均随土层加深而增加.不同降雨类型对覆膜土壤NO-3-N淋失的影响也有区别,小雨时随土壤深度的增加淋失量增多;中雨时,0~10、20~30 cm NO-3-N淋失量分别为10~20 cm的1.75、8.41倍;暴雨时,0~10、20~30 cm分别比10~20 cm低18.97%和60.69%.土壤中NO-3-N淋失受土壤含水量的影响,且随土层加深含水量对NO-3-N淋失的影响减弱.     

Effects of water quality on the coagulation performances of humic acids irradiated with UV light

The presence of humic acid in drinking water treatment has received significant attention in recent years because of its adverse effects on the removal of many pollutants in coagulation. In this paper, the effects of water quality including pH, turbidity, alkalinity, and hardness on the removal of humic acid were investigated in a UV light hybridized coagulation process. Our results suggested that UV light radiation could effectively improve the removal rate of humic acid in coagulation under both neutral and basic conditions, and the variations of the selected water quality parameters had little adverse effect on the function of UV light. After UV light radiation, the removal rate of the nitro-humic acid (NHA) increased from 20% to 60% in coagulation, and increased further to 75% and 85% for the raw waters with 10.0 NTU kaolin and 100 mg·L^-1 hardness, respectively. In addition to NHA, the removal rates of the humic acid extracted from peat coal (PHA) and the humic acid provided by Japan metals and chemicals company (JHA) in coagulation were also improved, both in the range of 80%–90% after undergoing UV light radiation. By changing the radiation location from prior to coagulation to the flocculation process, similar experimental results were obtained. The formation of positive charged sites after UV light radiation was considered to be the primary factor that led to an enhanced removal of the humic acid in coagulation.