不同16SrDNA靶序列对DGGE分析活性污泥群落的影响

为探讨不同通用引物扩增16S rDNA靶序列对活性污泥微生物群落分析的影响,更合理的利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术分析活性污泥样品.从连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR)中获取活性污泥,以3对通用引物341f/534r、968f/1 401r和341f/926r扩增16S rDNA序列,用DGGE分离PCR扩增产物.研究表明采用不同引物对进行DGGE分析时,群落多样性和动态存在显著的差异.341f/534r和968f/1 401r的靶序列分离效果较好,341f/926r的靶序列分离效果较差.引物341f/534r和341f/926r DGGE图谱显示S2和S3相似性高,引物968f/1 401r DGGE图谱显示S1和S2相似性高.由此可见采用不同引物对进行DGGE分析时,群落结构之间的相似性和动态是不一致的.341f/534r的DGGE图谱中条带丰富,多样性最好,968f/1 401r的DGGE图谱次之,341f/926r DGGE图谱条带最少,多样性也较差.因此,在利用DGGE分析活性污泥样品时采用引物341f/534r和968f/1 401r是比较适宜的.     

从分子质量的变化分析有机物对GAC吸附内分泌干扰物(BPA)的影响

从分子质量分布的角度研究了水中有机物对颗粒活性炭(GAC)吸附双酚A(BPA)容量及吸附速率的影响.结果表明,相对于以去离子水为本底的BPA溶液来说,GAC吸附以滤后水、臭氧后出水和原水为本底的BPA溶液的Langmuir模型的最大吸附容量q_m值分别下降了29.95%、43.56%和44.44%,而其拟二级动力学模型的k₂值分别下降了43.05%、49.75%和56.38%.相对分子质量3 000以上,尤其是10 000以上的有机物堵塞GAC的二级微孔;3 000以下,尤其是1 000以下的有机物与BPA分子之间存在直接的竞争吸附,是导致GAC对BPA的吸附容量以及吸附速率下降的主要原因.     

The Existence and Removal of Evaporable 137Cs-Containing Compound(S) From the Extract of Lichen Cetraria Islandica

The aim of the work described here was to investigate the existence of evaporable ¹³⁷Cscontaining compound(s) in lichen and to suggest a possible way of dealing with a phenomenon during lichen exploitation. A sample of lichen, Cetraria islandica, was submitted to aqueous extraction and the extract was monitored to be ¹³⁷Cs-radioactive. It was heated according to the experimental schedule and the resulting vapour passed over a layer of activated charcoal. By measuring the decrease in the radioactivity content of the lichen extract after heating and the radioactivity of the adsorbent it was found that a significant amount of the extracted ¹³⁷Cs could be evaporated and bound to the charcoal adsorbent (40.6%). If not captured, this radiocaesium may lead to air pollution, especially of immediate breathing space.     

Adsorption behavior of α -cypermethrin on cork and activated carbon

Studies were undertaken to determine the adsorption behavior of α -cypermethrin [R)-α -cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl(1S)-cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, and (S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R)-cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] in solutions on granules of cork and activated carbon (GAC). The adsorption studies were carried out using a batch equilibrium technique. A gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) was used to analyze α -cypermethrin after solid phase extraction with C18 disks. Physical properties including real density, pore volume, surface area and pore diameter of cork were evaluated by mercury porosimetry. Characterization of cork particles showed variations thereby indicating the highly heterogeneous structure of the material. The average surface area of cork particles was lower than that of GAC. Kinetics adsorption studies allowed the determination of the equilibrium time—24 hours for both cork (1–2 mm and 3–4 mm) and GAC. For the studied α -cypermethrin concentration range, GAC revealed to be a better sorbent. However, adsorption parameters for equilibrium concentrations, obtained through the Langmuir and Freundlich models, showed that granulated cork 1–2 mm have the maximum amount of adsorbed α-cypermethrin (q_m) (303 μg/g); followed by GAC (186 μ g/g) and cork 3-4 mm (136 μg/g). The standard deviation (SD) values, demonstrate that Freundlich model better describes the α -cypermethrin adsorption phenomena on GAC, while α -cypermethrin adsorption on cork (1-2 mm and 3-4 mm) is better described by the Langmuir. In view of the adsorption results obtained in this study it appears that granulated cork may be a better and a cheaper alternative to GAC for removing α -cypermethrin from water.     

低浓度甲苯在固定床活性炭上的吸附及其数值模拟

对气体中低浓度甲苯在固定床活性炭上的吸附作了系统研究,测定了甲苯－空气活性炭系统的吸附等温线以Φ２６０×１４０ｍｍ活性炭固定床的穿透曲线,并在低浓度范围建立了固定床活性炭吸附甲苯数学模型。计算结果与实验结合吻合良好,所建模型可用于预测其它条件下的穿透曲线。     

水解酸化对感光胶片废水生化反应动力学系数的影响

采用水解酸化工艺可有效地提高工业废水中难生物降解有机物的可生化性,为后续好氧生化处理创造有利条件。本试验在对感光胶片废水采用水解酸化－活性污泥法工艺和常规活性污泥法进行平行对照试验的基础上,从生化反应动力学系数的角度研究水解酸化过程对好氧生化反应的影响。研究结果表明：经水解酸化处理后,在该废水的ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤＣｒ比值从０４６－０４８提高至０５４－０５６的同时,后续活性污泥系统的动力学半速度数Ｋｓ从常规活性污泥法的４５９毫克／升下降至１０３毫克／升,最大比降解速度Ｋ从３０／日上升至５０／日,可用于表征该工业废水可生化性和后续好氧化物处理效果改善和提高的程度。     

酒钢焦化厂焦炉地下室通风降温技术改造探讨

介绍了酒钢焦化厂焦炉地下室通风降温技术改造成果。通过参数确定、方案对比,采用了通风降温技术措施,效桌明显,改善了职工的作业环境,保护了工人的身体健康。     

用活性炭纤维吸附处理十三吗啉农药废水的研究

介绍用活性炭纤维处理十三吗啉农药废水的工艺过程。研究了活性碳纤维对该种有机废水的吸附规律及脱附再生方法，并探索了其使用寿命。实验表明，用活性炭纤维处理十三吗啉农药废水，ＣＯＤｃｒ由２４６２ｍｇ／Ｌ可降至１５０ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，净化率达９４％。     

Degradation of poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates) and polyolefin blends in a municipal wastewater treatment facility

Six types of plastics and plastic blends, the latter composed at least partially of biodegradable material, were exposed to aerobically treated wastewater (activated sludge) to ascertain their biodegradability. In one study, duplicate samples of 6% starch in polypropylene, 12% starch in linear low-density polyethylene, 30% polycaprolactone in linear low-density polyethylene, and poly(-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB/V), a microbially produced polyester, were exposed to activated sludge for 5 months, and changes in mass, molecular weight average, and tensile properties were measured. None of the blended material showed any sign of degradation. PHB/V, however, showed a considerable loss of mass and a significant loss of tensile strength. In a second study, PHB/V degraded rapidly, but another type of microbial polymer which forms a thermoplastic elastomer, poly(-hydroxyoctanoate), did not degrade. These results illustrate the potential for disposal and degradation of PHB/V in municipal wastewater.     

活性污泥模型及其工艺软件的研究进展

简要介绍了活性污泥模型从传统静态模型到最新动态模型的发展过程，总结了各种活性污泥模型及其工艺软件特点，重点对国内研究进展进行了综述。