稻壳基活性炭催化剂的低温NH3-SCR抗硫性能

以稻壳基活性炭（DAC）为载体,利用等体积浸渍法制备了DAC负载Mn、Ce氧化物的Mn-Ce/DAC脱硝催化剂,并用于氨法SCR反应.采用N₂吸附、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和程序升温吸附脱附（TPR/TPD）等手段对催化剂的物理化学性能进行了表征.结果发现与商业木屑基活性炭负载Mn、Ce氧化物催化剂（Mn-Ce/MAC）相比,Mn-Ce/DAC具有更高的Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺比率、表面化学吸附氧含量以及表面Brønsted酸性位点,这与其优良的低温SCR活性及抗硫抗水性能直接相关.原位红外光谱结果显示在含硫气氛中Mn-Ce/DAC表面的硫酸盐含量明显低于Mn-Ce/MAC,表明前者具有优良抗硫性能.     

Effect of Ca:Mg ratio and high ammoniacal nitrogen on characteristics of struvite precipitated from waste activated sludge digester effluent

This study revealed the relationship between the presence of calcium impurities and ammoniacal nitrogen concentration upon crystallization of struvite. The research hypothesis was that the presence of both calcium and high concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen(328–1000 mg/L) in waste activated sludge may influence the struvite quality and acid stability. Hence, we studied the impact of Ca:Mg ratio upon morphology, particle size, purity and dissolution of struvite, in the presence of varying levels of excess ammoniacal nitrogen. X-ray diffraction revealed that up to 31.4%amorphous material was made which was assigned to hydroxyapatite. Increasing the ammoniacal nitrogen concentration and elevation of the Mg:Ca ratio maximized the presence of struvite. Struvite particle size was also increased by ammoniacal nitrogen as was twinning of the crystals. Tests with dilute solutions of organic acid revealed the sensitivity of struvite dissolution to the physical characteristics of the struvite. Smaller particles(21.2 μm) dissolved at higher rates than larger particles(35.86 μm). However,struvite dissolved rapidly as the p H was further reduced irrespective of the physical characteristics. Therefore, addition of struvite to low p H soils was not viewed as beneficial in terms of controlled nutrient release. Overall, this study revealed that waste activated sludge effluent with high ammoniacal nitrogen was prospective for synthesis of high quality struvite material.     

炼焦过程及周边环境颗粒物中水溶性无机离子特征

为明确炼焦过程排放颗粒物及周边环境颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的污染特征,于2012年5月利用改良的标准大体积总悬浮颗粒采样器采集燃烧室废气烟囱排放、焦炉顶无组织排放及焦炉周边环境空气TSP（total suspended particulates,总悬浮颗粒物）样品,使用Staplex234大流量采样器采集焦炉顶无组织排放及焦炉周边环境空气PM_1.4样品,采用ICS-90离子色谱仪测试样品中SO₄2-、NH₄+、Ca2+、Cl-、NO₃-、F-、Mg2+、K+、Na+共9种水溶性无机离子.结果表明:SO₄2-为炼焦过程排放的特征离子.炼焦过程燃烧室废气烟囱排放的TSP中总水溶性无机离子质量浓度最高,为（5 493±901）μg/m3;其次为焦炉顶无组织排放的TSP,其总水溶性无机离子质量浓度为（902±222）μg/m3;焦炉周边环境空气的TSP中总水溶性无机离子质量浓度最低,为（712±288）μg/m3.SO₄2-为燃烧室废气烟囱排放TSP与燃煤锅炉烟气排放颗粒物中共有的主要特征离子,但与燃煤锅炉烟气相比,燃烧室废气烟囱排放的w（SO₄2-）略低,w（F-）则相反.NH₄+较易富集于焦炉顶无组织排放的细颗粒物中,而SO₄2-则较易富集于粗颗粒物中.研究显示,炼焦过程及焦炉周边环境空气颗粒物中9种水溶性无机离子分布特征不同,SO₄2-是燃烧室废气烟囱排放、焦炉顶无组织排放的TSP中质量浓度最高的水溶性无机离子.      

活性炭纤维负载柠檬酸铁活化过硫酸氢钾降解罗丹明B的研究

以ACF（活性炭纤维）为载体,制备出一种新的非均相催化剂ACF@Cit-Fe/S〔将Cit-Fe（柠檬酸铁）负载在ACF表面并引入S元素〕,并采用SEM-EDS（电镜-能谱）、XPS（X射线光电子能谱）对其进行表征,研究其活化PMS（过硫酸氢钾）降解染料RhB（罗丹明B）的降解效果.结果表明:①ACF表面成功负载了Cit-Fe和S元素,Cit-Fe和S元素的掺杂增强了ACF催化PMS的性能,能有效降解染料RhB,反应120 min时RhB的脱色率达98%.②ρ（ACF@Cit-Fe/S）、c（PMS）对RhB降解有一定的影响,ρ（ACF@Cit-Fe/S）为0.5 g/L、c（PMS）为6 mmol/L是降解RhB（10 mg/L）的最佳投加量.③温度对RhB降解速率的影响符合阿伦尼乌斯模型,通过计算得出活化能为39.47 kJ/mol,降解过程是一个表面反应控制过程.④以叔丁醇、甲醇、苯酚为分子探针的自由基清除试验显示,SO₄-·（硫酸根自由基）和HO·（羟基自由基）是降解反应过程中主要的自由基,其主要存在于催化剂表面及其周围.研究显示,ACF@Cit-Fe/S能用于活化PMS的高级氧化体系中,ACF@Cit-Fe/S表面丰富的电子转移过程导致其活化PMS的能力增强,从而促进SO₄-·和HO·的产生,提高RhB的降解效率.      

A strategy for enhancing anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge: Driving anodic oxidation by adding nitrate into microbial electrolysis cell

Cathodic reduction of CO₂ and anodic oxidation of organic matters are crucial to methane-producing microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) applied in anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge. However, cathodic CO₂ reduction is usually restrained by slow metabolism rates of H₂-utilizing methanogens and low electron-capturing capacity of CO₂, which consequently slows down the anodic oxidation that participates to sludge disintegration. Herein, a strategy with adding nitrate as electron acceptor to foster electronic transfer between the anode and cathode was proposed to improve anodic oxidation. Results showed that the average efficiency of anodic oxidation in the nitrate-added MEC increased by 55.9%. Accordingly, volatile suspended solid removal efficiency in the nitrate-added MEC was 21.9% higher than that of control MEC. Although the initial cumulative methane production in the nitrate-added MEC was lower than that of control MEC, the cumulative methane production in 24?days was 8.9% higher. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that anodic oxidation of MEC with nitrate accelerated the disintegration of sludge flocs and cell walls. Calculation on current signal further revealed that anodic oxidation driven by cathodic nitrate reduction was the main mechanism responsible for the improved sludge digestion.     

Dynamic membrane bioreactor performance enhancement by powdered activated carbon addition: Evaluation of sludge morphological, aggregative and microbial properties

The effects of powdered activated carbon(PAC) addition on sludge morphological, aggregative and microbial properties in a dynamic membrane bioreactor(DMBR) were investigated to explore the enhancement mechanism of pollutants removal and filtration performance. Sludge properties were analyzed through various analytical measurements. The results showed that the improved sludge aggregation ability and the evolution of microbial communities affected sludge morphology in PAC-DMBR, as evidenced by the formation of large, regularly shaped and strengthened sludge flocs. The modifications of sludge characteristics promoted the formation process and filtration flux of the dynamic membrane(DM) layer. Additionally, PAC addition did not exert very significant influence on the propagation of eukaryotes(protists and metazoans)and microbial metabolic activity. High-throughput pyrosequencing results indicated that adding PAC improved the bacterial diversity in activated sludge, as PAC addition brought about additional microenvironment in the form of biological PAC(BPAC), which promoted the enrichment of Acinetobacter(13.9%), Comamonas(2.9%), Flavobacterium(0.31%) and Pseudomonas(0.62%), all contributing to sludge flocs formation and several(such as Acinetobacter) capable of biodegrading relatively complex organics. Therefore, PAC addition could favorably modify sludge properties from various aspects and thus enhance the DMBR performance.     

阴极电场增强活性炭纤维-臭氧体系去除水中硝基苯

通过对电流强度、反应液初始pH值、电解质种类及浓度等因素分析,探究了电增强活性炭纤维-臭氧体系对水中硝基苯的去除效果和机制.结果表明,与活性炭纤维-臭氧体系比较,电增强活性炭纤维-臭氧体系对硝基苯的去除效率显著提升.电增强活性炭纤维-臭氧体系中电流强度对体系影响不显著,臭氧浓度对水中硝基苯的去除效率有一定影响,反应初始液的pH值对活性炭纤维催化臭氧体系的影响较大.水中无机盐如硫酸钠、硝酸钠及氯化钠的存在会抑制活性炭纤维催化臭氧.此外,单独臭氧对活性炭纤维有破坏作用,降低了活性炭纤维对反应的促进效果,外加阴极电场时,不仅活性炭纤维对有机物的去除效果显著提升,而且保证了活性炭纤维结构不被臭氧所破坏.     

含磷物质与活性炭复配稳定土壤重金属研究

利用含磷物质、活性炭及两者复配组合对污染土壤中的重金属进行稳定化处理,根据稳定效率对稳定剂进行筛选,并分析稳定前后土壤重金属的生物有效性、赋存形态变化。结果表明:经磷矿粉+5%煤基活性炭稳定7 d后,土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd稳定效率分别达75.85%、61.03%、52.80%、49.92%,土壤重金属的DTPA和PBET生物有效态均降低。BCR形态分级实验表明:该复合稳定剂对土壤重金属的稳定化效应较好,重金属的酸可提取态均有所减少,转化为其他难以分解转移的形态。结果表明,磷矿粉和煤基活性炭可作为资源回收利用,应用于土壤重金属污染修复。     

碘吸附器的脉冲式氟利昂法泄漏检测技术实验研究

目前,国内核设施碘吸附器的非放射性泄漏检测主要采用连续式氟利昂气体法,在调研并对比国内外该领域应用现状的基础上,开展了碘吸附器的脉冲式氟利昂气体泄漏检测新技术实验研究,通过进行碘吸附器在泄漏、不泄漏、穿透等几种条件下的实验表明,脉冲式泄漏检测方法可以直观地判断碘吸附器的泄漏情况,并能准确计算其机械泄漏率;与连续式方法的对比发现,两种技术在泄漏率的判断上具有一致性,脉冲式氟利昂法的示踪剂用量少,仅为连续式氟利昂法的1/3.     

胞外聚合物对活性污泥吸附去除全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）的影响

采用活性污泥和去除胞外聚合物(EPS)污泥作为吸附剂,探讨污泥吸附PFOS的机制和EPS在吸附过程中的作用.结果表明,活性污泥和去除EPS污泥吸附PFOS均符合准二级动力学方程,平衡吸附量(q_e)分别为0.46 mg·g~(-1)和0.38 mg·g~(-1),化学吸附占主要作用.吸附等温线可以用Freundlich、Langmuir及Temkin方程拟合.Ca~(2+)和Cu~(2+)通过离子架桥作用促进PFOS在污泥上的吸附.活性污泥吸附去除PFOS的效果明显优于去除EPS后的污泥.傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电发射光谱(XPS)分析吸附前后的污泥官能团变化,发现去除了EPS的污泥中羟基、羧基和氨基活性基团减少,而这些基团是PFOS吸附过程中参与反应的主要成分.由此可见污泥EPS中蛋白质含有的羧基和氨基活性基团为PFOS提供了吸附反应位点,EPS在吸附过程中起到至关重要的作用.