低温微生物低温适应性的机制及其应用前景

低温微生物由于长期生活在寒冷的环境中,在自然选择的作用下形成一套独特的与低温环境相适应的细胞结构和分子机制。从细胞结构、组成的变化,以及分子水平等角度阐述了近年来国内外有关低温微生物低温适应性机制的研究进展;探讨了低温微生物在环境净化、食品化工和医药等行业中的广泛应用前景。     

Learning from UK disaster exercises: policy implications for effective emergency preparedness

With a view towards suggesting improvements to the official UK Guidance for disaster exercises, this paper critically examines a representative sample of recent disaster management exercises in the United Kingdom to determine how they are planned, conducted and assessed. Personal observations and in‐depth qualitative interviews were used to study three representative multi‐agency disaster exercises in the UK: (1) the Hitachi 395 Evacuation Workshop and Exercise Twin Bore, (2) Exercise Saxon Shore and (3) Exercise Operation Safe Return. The research demonstrates that disaster exercises in the UK generally consist of four main approaches: (1) disaster response and adaptability, (2) building‐block approach, (3) citizen participation and (4) discussion‐based debriefs. While the data demonstrates that each of these approaches has significant merit, it also elucidates key improvements that should be made to the official UK guidance and reflected in future exercises. In particular, the research suggests that the Guidance should highlight the importance of adaptability at the scene of a disaster, advance a building‐block methodology to organising exercises and reiterate the need for better debriefings of volunteer participants.     

基于扰动分析方法的AnnAGNPS模型水文水质参数敏感性分析

参数敏感性分析对于水文水质综合模型的构建及推广应用具有重要的意义.本研究基于AnnAGNPS模型机制,选取可能对模型产生影响的地形、水文气象、田间管理、土壤等4大类31个参数,以太湖地区典型低山丘陵小流域——中田河流域为实验区,利用扰动分析方法评价了模型参数对水文水质模拟结果的敏感性.结果表明,11个地形参数中,LS对径流、泥沙与氮磷等模拟结果普遍敏感,RMN、RS和RVC对泥沙输出分别为一般敏感和弱敏感,其余参数不敏感.水文气象参数中CN对模型径流和泥沙输出特别敏感,对其余结果也都比较敏感.田间管理与植被作物肥料参数中CCC、CRM和RR对泥沙和颗粒态污染物输出弱敏感,6个肥料参数(FR、FD、FID、FOD、FIP、FOP)对氮磷营养盐输出特别敏感.土壤参数中,K对模型除径流之外的所有结果都特别敏感,土壤氮磷含量的4个参数(SONR、SINR、SOPR、SIPR)对相对应的氮磷输出结果弱敏感.通过对中田河流域2005~2010年径流量的模拟和校正检验发现,模拟期与校正期年径流量偏差基本都在10%以内,模拟精度优秀.本研究对AnnAGNPS模型构建中的参数选取与校验调整具有直接参考价值,对研究区的径流模拟结果也证明了模型敏感性分析对于调参过程的可行性和该模型在太湖地区低山丘陵流域径流模拟的适用性,对于模型在国内的推广应用具有重要的指导意义.     

黔中木本植物叶功能性状对退化喀斯特土壤特性的响应

研究不同退化背景下优势木本植物功能性状的适应机制,有助于从功能生态学的角度来解释喀斯特山区的群落演替过程。本研究以贵州普定不同退化背景样地优势木本为研究对象,测定LT、LA、SLA、LDMC、LTD、Chlc6个叶片功能性状指标,分析土壤特性对区域内植被叶片功能性状的作用及影响,揭示喀斯特山区植物对不同环境的适应策略及其演替过程。结果表明:①喀斯特区退化环境下植被叶片向增大化趋势发展,以退耕地经济林最显著;火烧、火烧砍伐、退耕下植被性状差异显著,以LA、LTD、SLA变化范围最大,在相应样地可分别高达121.9%、118.08%、86.00%。②退化样地内叶片性状在乔木、灌木和藤本物种间差异显著,总体上灌木与藤本物种种间变异高于乔木物种,群落处于演替前中期阶段。③不同退化背景下土壤特性差异较大,与植被叶功能性状间具有显著相关性,其中土层深度、土壤养分与土壤含水率是植被叶功能性状的关键土壤特性因子。④退化区域植被叶性状表现出LA大、LT较小、SLA和LTD低、LDMC高、Chlc较低,趋向于发展贫瘠干旱性状组合。揭示了黔中退化喀斯特次生林内在差异性的演替规律,为喀斯特次生林的管理和生物多样性保护提供科学依据。     

杂交黑杨苗期植株在滇池湖滨带生长适应性研究初探

通过湖滨区引种种植无性系黑杨,观测分析其苗期生长规律,探讨杂交黑杨速生树种在滇池湖滨生态建设中具有的重要现实意义,从两年期无性系黑杨的发芽情况、成活率、材积量及适应性等多因子分析入手,为滇池湖滨生态恢复与建设工作实现可持续发展进行了有益的探索。     

对“安全驾驶适应性测验”的可行性研究

重点对“安全驾驶适应性测验”的信度和效度进行了研究和检验。通过对３１０ 名汽车驾驶员的答卷资料所处理结果表明：事故群驾驶员和非事故群驾驶员的心理品质差异主要表现在观察能力,判断能力,推断能力,辨别能力,思维的灵活性,注意的广度与稳定性,个性方面的安全驾驶态度,情绪的稳定性及是否过分自信等方面。另外,对年龄、文化程度、驾驶经验与事故率之间关系的考查表明,年龄与事故率之间的相关程度是十分显著的。说明该测验对于识别事故群驾驶员和非事故群驾驶员具有一定的区分性和预测性。     

隐身涂层海洋环境适应性问题剖析

通过对红外隐身涂层、雷达吸波隐身涂层在海洋环境下出现的外观腐蚀、附着力下降、隐身性能变化等环境适应性问题的剖析,为设计、研制部门降低环境作用影响提供依据,并进一步强调环境适应性是武器装备的一个重要质量特性。     

导弹武器系统开展环境适应性研究的思考

从新时期军事斗争的特点、导弹武器系统贮存使用的特点,以及导弹武器系统使用研究的客观需求等方面论述了导弹武器系统开展环境适应性研究的必要性和迫切性。最后,提出了导弹武器系统开展环境适应性研究的几点措施和需要把握的几个问题。     

危险装置操作人员职业适应性研究的策略和方法

重大危险装置操作人员所涉及的是危险性高、责任重大的工种。这些工种也对从业人员在生心素质上提出了较为严格的要求。以“重大危险装置操作人员”为研究对象，面向一个工种群的职业适应性研究展开了探讨，提出了作业性质类别的概念和“抽取类别、交叉对应”的技术路线，概括了人在生理、心理方面与职业活动有关的二十七项指标，论述了重大危险装置操作人员所涉及的工种与职业适应性指标之间的关系。     

PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGIONAL ASSESSMENT: THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE WATER RESOURCES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The Pacific Northwest (PNW) regional assessment is an integrated examination of the consequences of natural climate variability and projected future climate change for the natural and human systems of the region. The assessment currently focuses on four sectors: hydrology/water resources, forests and forestry, aquatic ecosystems, and coastal activities. The assessment begins by identifying and elucidating the natural patterns of climate vanability in the PNW on interannual to decadal timescales. The pathways through which these climate variations are manifested and the resultant impacts on the natural and human systems of the region are investigated. Knowledge of these pathways allows an analysis of the potential impacts of future climate change, as defined by IPCC climate change scenarios. In this paper, we examine the sensitivity, adaptability and vulnerability of hydrology and water resources to climate variability and change. We focus on the Columbia River Basin, which covers approximately 75 percent of the PNW and is the basis for the dominant water resources system of the PNW. The water resources system of the Columbia River is sensitive to climate variability, especially with respect to drought. Management inertia and the lack of a centralized authority coordinating all uses of the resource impede adaptability to drought and optimization of water distribution. Climate change projections suggest exacerbated conditions of conflict between users as a result of low summertime streamfiow conditions. An understanding of the patterns and consequences of regional climate variability is crucial to developing an adequate response to future changes in climate.