不同脱硫剂和脱硫添加剂在文丘里洗涤器上脱硫性能的研究

根据单管文丘里洗涤器，设计搭建了多管文丘里洗涤器实验装置，进行冷态脱硫实验研究。分别考察了氢氧化钠和氢氧化钙的脱硫效果，得到了最佳操作工况。为提高脱硫效果，研究了不同有机添加剂和无机添加剂对脱硫效果的促进作用。结果表明，氢氧化钠的脱硫效果要强于氢氧化钙的脱硫效果，各种添加剂均可不同程度的提高脱硫效率。实验结果可为多管文丘里洗涤器的优化设计和放大应用提供参考。     

添加剂PEG对共混超滤膜结构和性能的影响

以不同分子量聚乙二醇 (PEG)作为PSf/A共混超滤膜的添加剂 ,测定所制备膜的水通量、截留率 .结果表明 ,膜的水通量随PEG分子量的变化呈现非线性关系 .当PEG分子量为4000时 ,水通量达到最大值115.2mL·(cm²·h)^-1,是不加PEG时的6倍 .通过超滤实验结果以及膜结构的电镜照片的观察 ,研究了PSf/A共混超滤膜体系中PEG作用的规律 .PEG分子量的增加改变了PSf/A铸膜液体系的相平衡关系 ,使铸膜液成为热力学不稳定体系 ,加速了相分离的发生 ;另外 ,PEG分子量的增加提高了铸膜液的粘度 ,引起相分离的延迟,这2种作用影响了膜的最终结构和性能.     

添加剂对垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融特性的影响

研究制备了1种具有多重作用效果的飞灰熔融复合型添加剂,并选用上海和福州2种典型飞灰,利用荧光光谱仪和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪等仪器,分析了添加剂对飞灰熔融过程中的挥发率,流动温度,重金属固定率以及熔融渣的重金属浸出特性的影响.结果表明,添加10%添加剂可以将飞灰的流动温度降低150℃左右,挥发率降低10%～20%,重金属Cu和Pb的固定率提高了10%～20%,对重金属Zn的固定率可提高近40%;同时,采用我国毒性浸出方法和美国EPA的TCLP方法,分析测试熔融渣中重金属浸出量,结果证实几种重金属的浸出浓度均低于相应的标准限值.     

Logging Concessions Can Extend the Conservation Estate for Central African Tropical Forests

Abstract:  The management of tropical forest in timber concessions has been proposed as a solution to prevent further biodiversity loss. The effectiveness of this strategy will likely depend on species-specific, population-level responses to logging. We conducted a survey (749 line transects over 3450 km) in logging concessions (1.2 million ha) in the northern Republic of Congo to examine the impact of logging on large mammal populations, including endangered species such as the elephant ( Loxodonta africana ), gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla ), chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ), and bongo ( Tragelaphus eurycerus ). When we estimated species abundance without consideration of transect characteristics, species abundances in logged and unlogged forests were not different for most species. When we modeled the data with a hurdle model approach, however, analyzing species presence and conditional abundance separately with generalized additive models and then combining them to calculate the mean species abundance, species abundance varied strongly depending on transect characteristics. The mean species abundance was often related to the distance to unlogged forest, which suggests that intact forest serves as source habitat for several species. The mean species abundance responded nonlinearly to logging history, changing over 30 years as the forest recovered from logging. Finally the distance away from roads, natural forest clearings, and villages also determined the abundance of mammals. Our results suggest that logged forest can extend the conservation estate for many of Central Africa's most threatened species if managed appropriately. In addition to limiting hunting, logging concessions must be large, contain patches of unlogged forest, and include forest with different logging histories.     

添加剂F127对CPVC超滤膜性能的影响研究

文章探讨了添加剂F127的质量百分含量(5%、7%、10%和13%)对CPVC超滤膜微观结构及其性能(包括水通量、截留率、机械性能、亲水性和耐污染性能)的影响.结果表明:随着F127含量的增加,铸膜液剪切粘度增加,截留率上升,亲水性和耐污染性能大幅度提高,纯水通量和机械性能有所下降.综合比较添加剂F127含量为10%时,CPVC超滤膜性能较好.     

天然沸石对土壤镉及番茄生物量的影响

为了探索沸石对轻度镉污染土壤的修复效果及对番茄生长的影响,利用盆栽试验研究了不同沸石添加量及不同沸石粒级等因素对不同生长时期番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）植株生物量、果实产量和土壤镉质量分数的影响。结果表明,添加沸石均不同程度地提高不同生长期番茄地上部生物量和果实产量;每千克土壤添加10 g的大粒级（MX）沸石使得土壤全镉和有效镉增加最多,同时也使番茄果实增产最多,每千克土壤添加18 g的小粒级（MN）沸石使得土壤全镉质量分数有所降低,土壤有效镉质量分数增加最少,同时也可使番茄果实增产42.9%以上。小粒级（MN）沸石为削减土壤重金属镉的最佳沸石粒级,18 g.kg-1为削减土壤重金属镉的最佳沸石添加量。     

基于GAM模型的四川盆地臭氧时空分布特征及影响因素研究

为研究四川盆地臭氧(O_3)时空分布特征及其气象成因,对四川盆地18个城市2015—2016年国控环境监测站点和气象台站数据进行了研究分析.结果表明:2015—2016年四川盆地O_3污染愈发严重,高值污染区呈扩张态势,污染区主要位于盆地西部成都、德阳、资阳、眉山、内江一带和以广安为中心的周边区域.O_3浓度有明显的季节变化特征:夏季(110.70±41.52)μg·m~(-3)春季(95.24±41.23)μg·m~(-3)秋季(67.58±39.55)μg·m~(-3)冬季(47.17±41.15)μg·m~(-3).基于广义相加模型(GAM)分析发现O_3浓度与气压、气温、相对湿度、风速、日照时数、降水量间均呈非线性关系,其中日照时数、相对湿度以及气温对四川盆地O_3浓度影响较大,而风速、气压以及降水量对O_3浓度影响相对较小.通过构建GAM模型对四川盆地18个城市O_3污染的主导气象因子进行识别,并对2017年O_3浓度进行预测和检验,结果显示GAM模型能较为准确地预测四川盆地各城市O_3浓度的变化趋势.     

Comparison and ranking of different modelling techniques for prediction of site index in Mediterranean mountain forests

Forestry science has a long tradition of studying the relationship between stand productivity and abiotic and biotic site characteristics, such as climate, topography, soil and vegetation. Many of the early site quality modelling studies related site index to environmental variables using basic statistical methods such as linear regression. Because most ecological variables show a typical non-linear course and a non-constant variance distribution, a large fraction of the variation remained unexplained by these linear models. More recently, the development of more advanced non-parametric and machine learning methods provided opportunities to overcome these limitations. Nevertheless, these methods also have drawbacks. Due to their increasing complexity they are not only more difficult to implement and interpret, but also more vulnerable to overfitting. Especially in a context of regionalisation, this may prove to be problematic. Although many non-parametric and machine learning methods are increasingly used in applications related to forest site quality assessment, their predictive performance has only been assessed for a limited number of methods and ecosystems.In this study, five different modelling techniques are compared and evaluated, i.e. multiple linear regression (MLR), classification and regression trees (CART), boosted regression trees (BRT), generalized additive models (GAM), and artificial neural networks (ANN). Each method is used to model site index of homogeneous stands of three important tree species of the Taurus Mountains (Turkey): Pinus brutia, Pinus nigra and Cedrus libani. Site index is related to soil, vegetation and topographical variables, which are available for 167 sample plots covering all important environmental gradients in the research area. The five techniques are compared in a multi-criteria decision analysis in which different model performance measures, ecological interpretability and user-friendliness are considered as criteria.When combining these criteria, in most cases GAM is found to outperform all other techniques for modelling site index for the three species. BRT is a good alternative in case the ecological interpretability of the technique is of higher importance. When user-friendliness is more important MLR and CART are the preferred alternatives. Despite its good predictive performance, ANN is penalized for its complex, non-transparent models and big training effort.     

乙醇柴油混合燃料的制备工艺和废气的排放特性

为降低柴油机排放对环境造成的污染,用乙醇部分替代柴油,探索了乙醇柴油混合燃料的制备方法,研究了掺混乙醇及助溶剂对柴油机排放的影响.结果表明:无水乙醇可以和柴油以任意比例混溶,但痕量水(0.2%)的添加即导致混合物分层,合成的有机助溶剂可保证乙醇-柴油-痕量水体系的稳定性基于台架实验,考察了掺混10%、20%、30%乙醇对燃料排放性能的影响乙醇的最佳掺混比为20%在额定工况点(功率为13kW,转速为1540r/min)时,掺混20%乙醇的混合燃料可降低烟度55%,降低HC排放70%,降低CO排放45%.不添加助溶剂时,乙醇的掺混导致排放尾气中产生乙醇、微量乙醛等有机物.而添加非金属离子助溶剂可使HC、乙醇、乙醛排放的浓度明显降低.