电解浮选用于活性污泥固液分离的研究

在装有Ti/RuO₂-IrO₂-TiO₂阳极、Ti阴极的电解浮选槽中进行了活性污泥固液分离的研究.考察了影响电解浮选性能的操作参数,这些参数包括水力停留时间、电流密度、进水SS浓度和进水pH值.研究表明,电解浮选是高效的固液分离单元,水力停留时间和电流密度是主要的影响因素.SS的去除率随着水力停留时间和电流密度的增加而增大;污泥负荷增加,SS的去除率下降;pH值影响电解产生微气泡的尺寸和污泥性质,但对SS的去除影响不大,实际应用中可以不调节pH值.进水SS约1 000mg/L时,当水力停留时间为20min,接触室电流密度为5 mA/cm²,分离区电流密度为2.5 mA/cm²,SS的去除率可达97%以上,此时的能耗为0.4～0.5(kW.h)/m³废水.电解浮选产生的浮渣含水率为95.9%,低于溶气气浮和二沉池的污泥含水率,对污泥减量化及其最终处置有较大的意义.     

Risk factors associated with truck-involved fatal crash severity: Analyzing their impact for different groups of truck drivers

Introduction: Fatal crashes that include at least one fatality of an occupant within 30 days of the crash cause large numbers of injured persons and property losses, especially when a truck is involved. Method: To better understand the underlying effects of truck-driver-related characteristics in fatal crashes, a five-year (from 2012 to 2016) dataset from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) was used for analysis. Based on demographic attributes, driving violation behavior, crash histories, and conviction records of truck drivers, a latent class clustering analysis was applied to classify truck drivers into three groups, namely, ‘‘middle-aged and elderly drivers with low risk of driving violations and high historical crash records,” ‘‘drivers with high risk of driving violations and high historical crash records,” and ‘‘middle-aged drivers with no driving violations and conviction records.” Next, equivalent fatalities were used to scale fatal crash severities into three levels. Subsequently, a partial proportional odds (PPO) model for each driver group was developed to identify the risk factors associated with the crash severity. Results' Conclusions: The model estimation results showed that the risk factors, as well as their impacts on different driver groups, were different. Adverse weather conditions, rural areas, curved alignments, tractor-trailer units, heavier weights and various collision manners were significantly associated with the crash severities in all driver groups, whereas driving violation behaviors such as driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, fatigue, or carelessness were significantly associated with the high-risk group only, and fewer risk factors and minor marginal effects were identified for the low-risk groups. Practical Applications: Corresponding countermeasures for specific truck driver groups are proposed. And drivers with high risk of driving violations and high historical crash records should be more concerned.     

基于电磁辐射峰谷比值法的煤与瓦斯突出预警

为了提高电磁辐射预警煤与瓦斯突出危险的准确性,减少误报现象,在分析大量电磁辐射现场数据基础上,基于电磁辐射预警煤与瓦斯突出危险原理,提出了电磁辐射峰谷比值法,利用正态分布统计特征计算每个班次的电磁辐射瞬时强度峰值均值和谷值均值,并将其比值作为煤与瓦斯突出危险性的预警值。最后,将该方法应用于义忠煤矿11112风巷掘进工作面,研究结果表明:与临界值系数和动态变化趋势系数法相比,峰谷比值法误报较低,预警准确性高,能够很大程度上减少误报对生产的影响。     

南京及邻近地区新近沉积土的动剪切模量和阻尼比的试验研究

通过对南京及其邻近地区漫滩相成因的粘土、粉质粘土、淤泥质粉质粘土、粉质粘土与粉砂互层土、粉土、粉细砂等 6类新近沉积土的自振柱试验 ,详细探讨了围压大小、剪应变水平、土的颗粒组成和结构性对这 6类新近沉积土的剪切模量G及阻尼比λ的影响。通过与Seed和Idriss建议的砂土G/Gmax～γ和λ～γ曲线变化范围的对比 ,结果表明 ,不能将粉质粘土与粉砂互层土简单地当作砂土或粉质粘土对待。通过试验和理论分析 ,给出了南京及其邻近地区 6类新近沉积土动剪切模量和阻尼比随剪应变变化的平均曲线的拟合曲线、包络线及其参数的推荐值 ,对实际工程具有一定的借鉴作用     

基于满意度的热风炉变论域模糊控制

针对热风炉具有参数时变、强干扰、非线性等特点,其最佳空燃比难以确定的问题,提出一种基于模糊满意度的变论域模糊控制方法。首先通过在线获得加热过程的状态参数,采用满意度函数对空燃比进行评价,并将该评价结果和炉温变化作为变论域模糊控制方法的输入来实时获取最优的空燃比值,从而保证热风炉炉温的温度控制。实际运行结果证实了该系统的有效性。     

渐变型多孔介质中低浓度瓦斯燃烧特性数值模拟

利用模拟软件Fluent6.3建立二维模型并进行合理设置,对多孔介质中的煤矿低浓度瓦斯燃烧进行数值模拟,研究了均匀型和渐变型燃烧器中的温度分布和NOx生成情况,以及三种不同渐变型多孔介质组合燃烧器中的温度分布和NOx生成情况。结果表明,渐变型多孔介质燃烧器的温度分布比均匀型燃烧器更加均匀;同一瓦斯当量比和流速下,渐变型多孔介质燃烧器的NOx产生量比均匀型燃烧器低很多,有利于减少污染物排放;三种不同渐变型多孔介质组合的温度分布和NOx生成有着不同特点,燃烧器设计时,可根据不同需求选取不同组合形式,综合考虑各因素,组合一燃烧特性最佳。     

产酸脱硫反应器中碳硫比对群落生态特征的影响

通过产酸脱硫反应器处理高浓度含硫酸盐废水的连续流试验,从群落动态的角度研究碳硫比(COD/SO₄^2-)从4.2降低到2.0的过程中,pH值、氧化还原电位(ORP)、碱度(ALK)和末端产物(VFAs)组成、优势种群分布等群落生态特征的变化规律试验证明,在此过程中ORP和ALK提高,而pH值和VFAs中乙酸的分布比例降低,群落类型由高碳硫比稳定型转化为低碳硫比亚稳定型,但仍未改变乙酸型顶极群落的典型特征.     

产酸脱硫反应器中COD/SO42-比制约的群落生态演替规律

通过产酸脱硫反应器的动态试验和配套的静态试验,考察致变因子 COD/SO₄^2-比制约的乙酸型顶极群落的结构、优势种群的组成和生态演替的规律; 阐明乙酸型代谢和乙酸型顶极群落是产酸脱硫生态系统的典型特征;揭示乙酸型顶极群落内平衡与反馈调节的生理代谢机制,并以因变因子**pH值、氧化还原电位和碱度来表征生态演替过程中优势种群的三维实现生态位.     

无上部抽吸装置储罐区人工龙卷风风场模拟

为了减少因储罐泄漏位置不确定造成的人员伤亡,指导应急疏散,提出利用人工龙卷风定向控制气体流动方向的模型。首先基于Fluent软件建立了储罐区域人工龙卷风数值模型,分析切向速度和压强沿径向变化规律,发现与经典Rankine涡模型切向速度沿径向分布规律一致,证实可在储罐区以射流相切的方式形成人工龙卷风风场。其次研究了涡流比和进风量对风场控制气流特性的影响,即分析形成的龙卷风风场最大切向速度、压强差变化规律,结果表明,涡流比越大,形成的龙卷风风场中切向速度和压强差越小,即气流向中心汇聚能力越弱;进风量越大,形成的龙卷风风场中切向速度和压强差越大,即气流向中心汇聚能力越强。研究表明,用人工龙卷风控制储罐泄漏气流方向是可行的。     

黄土区陡坡侵蚀过程试验研究

通过室内放水冲刷试验,结果表明,陡坡单宽径流能耗与单宽径流产沙率之间存在以下线性关系:Dr=18.672(ΔE - 0.751),说明土壤的可蚀性参数为18.672 g/J,发生坡面细沟侵蚀的临界径流能耗为0.751 J/(ms)。坡面单宽径流能耗随流量增大而增加,随坡度变化呈抛物线趋势,临界坡度出现在21和24之间。坡面上各段面单宽径流能耗均随流量的增大而增加,随着坡度逐渐增加,坡面上部段面能耗渐增,中部段面渐减,下部较稳定。坡面各段面侵蚀产沙也有类似特征。此研究对于深入了解黄土高原陡坡土壤侵蚀过程和机理具有重要意义。