稠油污水回用锅炉处理工艺的应用

新疆油田公司稠油污水处理普遍采用成熟的离子调整旋流反应水处理技术,污水处理后达到回用锅炉水质标准SY/T 0097-2000《稠油油田采出水用于蒸汽发生器给水处理设计规范》,供给油田专用高压注汽锅炉用水。采用相同技术建成的采油一厂稠油处理站污水回用锅炉处理工艺投用后,处理后污水回用锅炉,减少了含油污水的外排,充分利用了稠油污水的热能,取得了良好的经济和社会效益。     

充分利用环保倒逼机制促进产业结构调整升级

淄博市污染聚集,环境质量易受外来因素影响,产业结构不合理,污染物排放量大,排放强度高。但其充分发挥环保的倒逼作用,通过建立健全环保政策法规体系,严格执行高于省及国家标准的地方环保标准,大力发展高新技术和现代服务业,加快改造传统产业,极大地促进了产业结构升级和经济发展方式的转变。     

Long-term effect of temperature on bioaccumulation of dietary metals and metallothionein induction in Sparus aurata

Previous studies have demonstrated that the commercial feed of aquacultured fish contains trace amounts of toxic and essential metals which can accumulate in tissues and finally be ingested by consumers. Recently rising temperatures, associated to the global warming phenomenon, have been reported as a factor to be taken into consideration in ecotoxicology, since temperature-dependent alterations in bioavailability, toxicokinetics and biotransformation rates can be expected. Sparus aurata were kept at 22 °C, 27 °C and 30 °C for 3 months in order to determine the temperature effect on metallothionein induction and metal bioaccumulation from a non-experimentally contaminated commercial feed. A significant temperature-dependent accumulation of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and iron (Fe) was found in liver, together with that of manganese (Mn), Fe and Zn in muscle. Hg presented the highest bioaccumulation factor, and essential metal homeostasis was disturbed in both tissues at warm temperatures. An enhancement of hepatic metallothionein induction was found in fish exposed to the highest temperature.     

Eichhornia crassipes capability to remove naphthalene from wastewater in the absence of bacteria

The aim of the current study was to investigate the potential of an aquatic plant, the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) devoid rhizospheric bacteria, to reduce naphthalene (a polyaromatic hydrocarbon) present in wastewater and wetlands.The capability of sterile water hyacinth plants to remove naphthalene from water and wastewater was studied in batch systems. Water hyacinths enhance the removal of pollutants through their consumption as nutrients and also through microbial activity of their rhizospheric bacteria.Experimental kinetics of naphthalene removal by water hyacinth coupled with natural rhizospheric bacteria was 100% after 9 d. Plants, decoupled of rhizospheric bacteria, reduced naphthalene concentration up to 45% during 7 d. Additionally, naphthalene uptake by water hyacinth revealed a biphasic behavior: a rapid first phase completed after 2.5 h, and a second, considerably slower rate, phase (2.5-225 h). In conclusion, water hyacinth devoid rhizospheric bacteria reduced significantly naphthalene concentration in water, revealing a considerable plant contribution in the biodegradation process of this pollutant.     

西安市城市主干道路面径流初期冲刷效应

以西安市城市主干道南二环太白路高架桥为路面径流采样区域,采用人工等时间间隔采样方法,在桥梁排水立管对2010年9—11月的3场径流事件进行全程采样,测试径流过程SS、COD、溶解性COD、NH3-N、Pb、溶解性Pb、Zn和溶解性Zn的浓度变化,研究路面径流的初期冲刷效应及其影响因素。结果表明,西安市城市主干道路面径流污染严重,降雨数小时后的末期径流仍具有较高的污染水平;径流过程污染物浓度变化规律与其赋存形态有关,SS、COD、Pb等以颗粒态为主的污染物的浓度随雨强变化剧烈波动,NH3-N、溶解态COD、溶解态Zn等以溶解态为主的污染物浓度变化受雨强影响较小,随径流过程呈逐渐减小趋势;路面径流初期冲刷现象并非普遍存在,与污染物的赋存状态和场次降雨特征密切相关,溶解态污染物易于出现初期冲刷现象,颗粒态污染物是否出现初期冲刷与场次降雨特征有关;测试的3场径流事件初期30%的径流携带的SS、COD、溶解性COD、NH3-N、Pb、Zn和溶解性Zn的负荷占场次径流总负荷的比例分别为21.8%～50.0%、25.5%～49.3%、36.3%～52.6%、52.6%～66.7%、26.8%～45.0%、27.2%～63.4%和36.2%～62.6%,表明仅对初期径流进行治理无法实现对西安市路面径流污染的有效控制。     

1990-2009年中国省际环境污染综合评价

本文以中国省级经济单元为分析对象,以环境污染为研究中心,基于"纵横向"拉开档次法的动态综合评价原理,通过构建具有"三维"特征的环境污染动态综合评价模型,计算了各省1990-2009年的环境污染综合指数,研究了影响环境污染变动的决定因素。结论认为,在样本考察期内,污染物排放最少(即环境质量最好)的省份依次为:青海、天津、北京、宁夏、新疆、甘肃、上海、吉林、福建、云南,这10个省份的环境污染综合指数都在1.50以下;要完成"十二五"主要污染物排放比2010年下降8%的减排目标,四川、河北、山东、辽宁、山西、江苏、河南、广东、湖南、广西是重点监控省份。分地区看,西部地区环境污染最小,依次为中部和东部。污染物排放变动的影响因素分析表明,提高经济发展水平、增加污染治理投资、加强企业环境管制能力对降低污染物排放具有一定的积极作用,第二产业所占比重、国有及国有控股工业所占比重及煤炭消费所占比重增加具有显著增加污染物排放的作用,外资进入对环境污染有一定的影响。据此提出了优化环境质量的对策建议。     

包容性增长中人的全面发展的评价

本文系统地阐述了理论界对人的发展评价指标体系的不同观点,并基于现有包容性增长观的理论基础,根据经济增长对人的包容的评价维度,综合考虑了人的经济发展环境、人的社会发展环境、人的生态环境、人口素质和人的生活质量五大要素来构建指标体系。通过上述5个方面30个指标,基于因子分析法建立人的全面发展综合评价模型,对我国2004-2009年的人的全面发展情况进行评价。研究结果表明:我国2004-2009年人的全面发展状况呈现逐年上升的趋势,且增幅也逐年递增,这表明随着人的全面发展的速度加快,人的全面发展状况越来越好。结合主成分分析解析获得人的全面发展的两个主因子,分别为外部因子(25个指标)与内部因子(5个指标),两个子因子的累积方差贡献率达到87.890%,其中外部因子的贡献率为76.202%,内部因子的贡献率为11.688%。这说明,在决定人的全面发展水平的诸多因素中,外部要素和内部要素是两大主要因素,且前者的影响力大于后者。分析外部因子与内部因子的年际变化规律可知外部要素是正面因素,起着积极的作用,而内部因素则不然。说明我国人的发展存在以外延发展为主,内涵发展不足的现象。综上,文章针对内涵发展不足提出政策建议,以期通过关注人的生活质量、发展潜能和幸福指数,最终来实现人的全面发展。     

Effect of outdoor temperature, heat primes and anchoring on belief in global warming

It is generally acknowledged that global warming is occurring, yet estimates of future climate change vary widely. Given this uncertainty, when asked about climate change, it is likely that people’s judgments may be affected by heuristics and accessible schemas. Three studies evaluated this proposition. Study 1 revealed a significant positive correlation between the outdoor temperature and beliefs in global warming. Study 2 showed that people were more likely to believe in global warming when they had first been primed with heat-related cognitions. Study 3 demonstrated that people were more likely to believe in global warming and more willing to pay to reduce global warming when they had first been exposed to a high vs. a low anchor for future increases in temperature. Together, results reveal that beliefs about global warming (and willingness to take actions to reduce global warming) are influenced by heuristics and accessible schemas. Several practical implications are discussed.     

Estimates of synthetic fertilizer N-induced direct nitrous oxide emission from Chinese croplands during 1980-2000

There is increasing concern that agricultural intensification in China has greatly increased N₂O emissions due to rapidly increased fertilizer use. By linking a spatial database of precipitation, synthetic fertilizer N input, cropping rotation and area via GIS, a precipitation-rectified emission factor of N₂O for upland croplands and water regime-specific emission factors for irrigated rice paddies were adopted to estimate annual synthetic fertilizer N-induced direct N₂O emissions (FIE-N₂O) from Chinese croplands during 1980-2000. Annual FIE-N₂O was estimated to be 115.7 Gg N₂O-N year⁻¹ in the 1980s and 210.5 Gg N₂O-N year⁻¹ in the 1990s, with an annual increasing rate of 9.14 Gg N₂O-N year⁻¹ over the period 1980-2000. Upland croplands contributed most to the national total of FIE-N₂O, accounting for 79% in 1980 and 92% in 2000. Approximately 65% of the FIE-N₂O emitted in eastern and southern central China.     

新疆“十五”至“十一五”期间影响工业固废产生及排放的主要社会经济因素分析

采用灰色关联分析,找出了影响工业固废量的主要社会经济因素,认为第二产业是影响工业固废的主要因素。第二产业结构比重加大,工业固废量增加。从减少工业固废的角度来看,调整产业结构已是当务之急;环境污染治理投资与工业固废因子关联度最小,说明环保投资已远不能满足环境治理的实际需要,需加大环保投资。