汽车尾气催化转化器模型研究进展

本文主要介绍汽车尾气催化转化器模型的研究进展 ,包括反应器内气体流动特性、单通道反应器内的传递现象和反应动力学、通道间的热传递和反应行为的模拟 ;并指出认识反应器内的各种特性和规律对设计汽车尾气催化转化器的必要性和意义     

锆负载型树脂用于含氟废水深度处理的研究

本文研制了一种以火力发电厂废树脂为载体的锆负载型氟离子吸附剂 ,并在评价了该树脂对氟离子的吸附性能之后探讨了该树脂用于火力发电厂含氟废水深度处理的可能性。研究结果表明 ,锆的最佳负载的最佳浓度为0 .5mol/L ,该负载树脂的最佳吸附pH为 3.0— 4 .0 ,用填充柱进行的动态实验结果表明 ,pH =3时的吸附容量显著高于 pH=4时的值。利用该树脂对火力发电厂模拟含氟废水进行了双柱串联吸附工艺处理 ,当柱流量为 35mL/min(SV10 )、第二柱穿透时 ,第一柱的吸附容量为 10 2 2 8mg/L湿树脂 ;用 0 .1mol/L的NaOH溶液进行再生 ,柱流量选择为 35mL/min(SV10 )时 ,脱附率在 95 %以上。     

煤吸附CO2、O2和N2的能力与竞争性差异

应用Materials Studio软件,采用巨正则系综蒙特卡洛方法,依据电厂烟气注入采空区防火与封存实际,对煤吸附CO2、O2和N2的能力与竞争性差异进行分析。由计算结果可知,相比于吸附O2、N2,煤吸附单组分CO2除了范德华能起主要作用,还有很强的静电作用能。由相互作用能和等量吸附热计算结果可知,煤容易吸附CO2,而不容易吸附O2和N2。298.15 K时,CO2对N2和O2吸附选择性及O2对N2的吸附选择性分别为42.396、32.357和1.310,揭示了竞争能力大小为CO2 > O2 > N2。分压分别为CO2 16.5 kPa+N2 79 kPa+O2 4.5 kPa内系统竞争吸附时,受吸附能力、竞争性和分压影响,CO2被大量吸附,而O2吸附抑制。     

3种不同工艺中莠灭净的去除特性及自由基鉴定

以三嗪类除草剂莠灭净（AMT）为目标污染物,对比研究了紫外（UV）、紫外激活过硫酸盐（UV/PS）与紫外激活过一氧硫酸氢盐（UV/PMS）3种不同工艺对AMT的去除效果以及反应动力学模型。考察了底物初始浓度、氧化剂浓度、溶液初始pH和水中腐殖酸浓度对AMT降解的影响,并对反应中生成的主要自由基进行鉴定。结果表明,3种系统下AMT降解均符合拟一级反应动力学模型（R2 ≥ 0.93）。AMT在3种不同系统下降解效率基本遵循UV/PS > UV/PMS > UV规律。随着底物初始浓度的增加,AMT降解率减小,拟一级速率常数kobs减小;增加氧化剂的投加量可以促进AMT降解;溶液pH的改变对UV系统下AMT的降解影响较小,而在UV/PS系统下,随着pH的增大降解率逐渐减小,在UV/PMS系统中降解率则呈现先减小后增大的趋势;投加腐殖酸会抑制AMT的降解;pH为7时,UV/PS和UV/PMS系统中反应生成的自由基主要是·SO4-。     

沙柳活性炭纤维的制备与表征

以（NH4）2HPO4活化沙柳纤维制备活性炭纤维,L16（45）正交实验优化制备工艺条件,重点研究了活化温度对活性炭纤维结构的影响。同时应用扫描电镜（SEM）对其表面形貌进行表征,通过N2吸附-脱附测定其孔结构。结果表明,随着活化温度的升高,活性炭得率逐渐减小,碘吸附值先增大后减小,在浸渍比2.5：1、预氧化温度200℃、预氧化时间90 min、活化温度为800℃、活化时间60 min的条件下,可以制备出比表面积为1 304 m2·g-1、总孔容为1.004 cm3·g-1、得率为31.6%、碘吸附值为1 321 mg·g-1的纤维状活性炭。     

不同粒级的煤胶体对汞的吸附动力学

为了解煤胶体对汞的吸附动力学特性,采用沉降法和离心法提取由霍林河采集煤样中的煤胶体（0~2、2~5、5~10 μm）,采用批量实验对不同粒径和不同温度下,煤胶体对汞的吸附动力学特性进行了研究。结果表明：煤胶体对汞的吸附反应为吸热反应,以化学吸附为主,其吸附动力学过程可用准二级动力学方程和双室模型很好的描述。煤胶体对汞的平衡吸附量随粒径的减小和温度的升高而逐渐增大,不同粒径煤胶体受温度影响的大小关系为（5~10）μm > （2~5）μm > （0~2）μm。煤胶体对汞的吸附从初始阶段到达到表观平衡,快速吸附均占据优势。在表观平衡时,粒径越大,快速吸附的贡献率越小。煤胶体对汞的吸附反应速率随温度升高和粒径减小而增大。温度越高、粒径越小,快速吸附速率越大;而慢速吸附速率则随温度升高和粒径增大而增大。汞在0~2 μm和2~5 μm煤胶体上的吸附过程,粒内扩散是其主要控速步骤;而对于5~10 μm的煤胶体,膜扩散是主要控速步骤。     

Resistant sorption of in situ chlorobenzenes and a polychlorinated biphenyl in river Rhine suspended matter

The desorption kinetics of in situ chlorobenzenes (dichlorobenzenes, pentachlorobenzene and hexachlorobenzene) and 2,4,4^′-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB-28) were measured with a gas-purge technique for river Rhine suspended matter sampled in Lobith, The Netherlands. This suspended matter is the main source of sediment accumulation in lake Ketelmeer. In lake Ketelmeer sediment earlier observations showed that slow and very slow fractions dominate the desorption profile.

For the river Rhine suspended matter, only for PCB-28 a fast desorbing fraction of around 1.6% could be detected. The observed rate constants were on the average 0.2 h⁻¹ for fast desorption, 0.004 h⁻¹ for slow desorption, and 0.00022 h⁻¹ for very slow desorption. These values are in agreement with previous findings for the sediment from lake Ketelmeer and with available literature data on fast, slow, and very slow desorption kinetics.

The results from this study show the similarity of desorption profiles between river Rhine suspended matter, and the top layer sediment from lake Ketelmeer. This indicates that slow and very slow fractions are already present in material forming the top layer of lake Ketelmeer, and were not formed after deposition of this material in the lake. The absence of detectable fast fractions for most compounds could be caused by the absence of recent pollution of the suspended matter. But, the observations may also be explained by a rapid disappearance of compounds from the fast fraction due to a combination of a high affinity of very slow sites for these compounds, and their relatively high volatility.     

Cu (Ⅱ)和Cd (Ⅱ)在氧化石墨烯/聚酰胺-胺复合材料上的竞争吸附

以“grafting to”法制备的氧化石墨烯/聚酰胺-胺（GO/PAMAMs）作为吸附剂,研究了Cu（Ⅱ）和Cd（Ⅱ）在GO/PAMAMs上的竞争吸附行为,考察了溶液pH值、吸附时间、初始离子浓度及吸附剂用量等因素对吸附过程的影响,探讨了Cu（Ⅱ）和Cd（Ⅱ）在GO/PAMAMs上的竞争吸附机理。研究表明：GO/PAMAMs对Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附最佳pH值是5.0,Cd（Ⅱ）的最佳pH值为5.5;Cu（Ⅱ）和Cd（Ⅱ）在GO/PAMAMs上的竞争吸附过程符合Lagergren准二级动力学模型,等温吸附过程遵循Langmuir模型;热力学研究表明Cu（Ⅱ）和Cd（Ⅱ）在GO/PAMAMs上的吸附是自发进行的吸热过程,且属于物理吸附。     

活性炭纤维的氧化处理研究

采用静态保干器法测定了活性炭纤维对乙醇、丙酮、N-甲基吡咯烷酮的吸附量。研究了酸氧化处理对活性炭纤维吸附性能的影响,并用电位滴定法确定了活性炭纤维氧化前后表面含氧官能团的变化。结果表明,活性炭纤维对3种吸附质的吸附量均随时间延长而增加,但饱和吸附量及达到饱和吸附的时间因吸附质的不同而不同。氧化处理后,活性炭纤维表面含氧官能团发生变化,对乙醇的吸附量增加18%,而对N-甲基吡咯烷酮的吸附量提高了300%。     

Cyanide Removal by Chinese Vegetation. Quantification of the Michaelis-Menten Kinetics (6 pp)

Background Little is known about metabolism rates of environmental chemicals by vegetation. A good model compound to study the variation of rates among plant species is cyanide. Vascular plants possess an enzyme system that detoxifies cyanide by converting it to the amino acid asparagine. Knowledge of the kinetic parameters, the half-saturation constant (Km) and the maximum metabolic capacity (vmax), is very useful for enzyme characterization and biochemical purposes. The goal of this study is to find the enzyme kinetics (KM and vmax) during cyanide metabolism in the presence of Chinese vegetation, to provide quantitative data for engineered phytoremediation, and to investigate the variation of metabolic rates of plants. Methods Detached leaves (1.0 g fresh weight) from 12 species out of 9 families were kept in glass vessels with 100 mL of aqueous solution spiked with potassium cyanide at 23°C for 28 h. Four different treatment concentrations of cyanide were used, ranging from 0.44 to 7.69 mg CN/L. The disappearance of cyanide from the aqueous solution was analyzed spectrophotometrically. Realistic values of the half-saturation constant (KM) and the maximum metabolic capacity (vmax) were estimated by a computer program using non-linear regression treatments. As a comparison, Lineweaver-Burk plots were also used to estimate the kinetic parameters. Results and Discussion The values obtained for KM and vmax varied with plant species. Using non-linear regression treatments, values of vmax and KM were found in a range between 6.68 and 21.91 mg CN/kg/h and 0.90 to 3.15 mg CN/L, respectively. The highest vmax was by Chinese elder (Sambucus chinensis), followed by upright hedge-parsley (Torilis japonica). The lowest vmax was demonstrated by the hybrid willow (Salix matssudana x alba). However, the highest KM was found in the water lily (Nymphea teragona), followed by the poplar (Populus deltoides Marsh). The lowest KM was demonstrated by corn (Zea mays L.). The values of vmax were normally distributed with a mean of 13 mg CN/kg/h. Conclusions Significant removal of cyanide from aqueous solution was observed in the presence of plant materials without phytotoxicity, even at high doses of cyanide. This gives rise to the conclusion that the Chinese plant species used in this study are all able to efficiently metabolize cyanide, although with different maximum metabolic capacities. A second conclusion is that the variation of metabolism rates between species is small. All these plants had a similar KM, indicating the same enzyme is active in all plants. Recommendations and Outlook Detoxification of cyanide with trees seems to be a feasible option for cleaning soils and water contaminated with cyanide. For phytoremediation projects, screening appropriate plant species adapted to local conditions should be seriously considered. More chemicals should be investigated to find common principles of the metabolism of environmental chemicals by plants.