Effect of scale on freely propagating flames in aluminum dust clouds

The majority of experimental tests done on combustible dusts are performed in constant volume vessels that have limited or no optical access. Over the years, McGill University has been developing alternative experimental techniques based on direct observation of dust flames, yielding reliable fundamental parameters such as flame burning velocity, temperature and structure. The present work describes two new experimental set-ups allowing direct observation of isobaric and freely propagating dust flames at two sufficiently different scales to test the influence of scale on dust flame phenomena. In the laboratory-scale experiments, a few grams of aluminum powder are dispersed in transparent, 30 cm diameter latex balloons that allow for full visualization of the spherical flame propagation. In the field experiments, about 1 kg of aluminum powder is dispersed by a short pulse of air, forming a conical dust cloud with a total volume of about 5 m³. High-speed digital imaging is used to record the particle dispersal and flame propagation in both configurations. In the small-scale laboratory tests, the measured flame speed is found to be about 2.0 ± 0.2 m/s in fuel-rich aluminium clouds. The burning velocity, calculated by dividing the measured flame speed by the expansion factor deduced from thermodynamic equilibrium calculations, correlates well with the previously measured burning velocity of about 22–24 cm/s from Bunsen dust flames. Flame speeds observed in field experiments with large-scale clouds, however, are found to be much higher, in the range of 12 ± 2 m/s. Estimations are presented that show that the presumably greater role of radiative heat transfer in larger-scale aluminium flames is insufficient to explain the six-fold increase in flame speed. The role of residual large-eddy turbulence, as well as the frozen-turbulence effect leading to large-scale dust concentration fluctuations that cause flame folding, are discussed as two possible sources for the greater flame speed.     

Quantification of turbulence in cryogenic liquid using high speed flow visualization

A high speed flow visualization experiment was conducted to characterize the boiling induced turbulence when a cryogenic liquid is released on water. The advective transport of turbulent structures traversing through the liquid was captured and reconstructed using image processing software to obtain information on velocity components. The numerical results obtained from image processing were used to determine turbulence parameters like turbulent intensity, turbulent kinetic energy and eddy dissipation rate. An interesting aspect of the study was the formation of wavy structures called ‘thermals’ which were characteristic of turbulent convection. The thermals were found to act as a catalyst in increasing heat transfer and turbulence between water and cryogenic pool. The turbulent intensity was influenced by the turbulent velocity and had direct effects on the vaporization flux. Among the turbulence parameters, increase in turbulent kinetic energy resulted in faster vaporization of cryogenic liquid through enhanced mixing, whereas variations in the eddy dissipation rate had weak dependence on vaporization. Additionally, the initial height of cryogenic liquid was also found to strongly affect the vaporization mass flux.     

基于DRYESM模型的红枫水库水体热分层特征及关键控制因素模拟研究

水温结构是湖库生态系统演化的重要基础,热分层稳定性对深水湖库水体物理、化学和生物演化具有重要影响,因此研究水体热分层特征及关键控制因素具有重要意义。本文运用DYRESM水动力模型模拟了红枫水库2014年全年的水温变化特征,并对影响水体热分层结构的关键控制因素进行了探究。结果表明:1) DYRESM水动力学模型可有效模拟红枫水库的水体热分层特征及时间演化规律,可准确预测水体热分层形成和消亡的时间及去分层强度。2)气温变化对水库水体热分层具有明显影响,增温可加速水体热分层的形成,造成温跃层下潜和去分层延迟;短波辐射的增强(40%)不会对红枫湖水温结构造成明显影响,但可导致去分层发生时间后延;风速是水体热分层稳定性的敏感因素,当风速增加40%后,热分层演化发生较大变化,表现在6～9月份中层及底层水温大幅升高(从9℃上升到14℃),去分层时间提前30天,相应造成分层期缩短。     

深圳冬季边界层大气中污染物垂直分布特征

为更好地掌握深圳城区近地边界层大气污染物的性质、来源及大气理化过程,2017年冬季利用深圳市356 m石岩梯度观测塔进行大气主要污染物的垂直观测,获得包括4个高度(60 m/70 m、110 m/120 m、210 m/220 m和325 m/335 m)的污染物浓度垂直分布廓线.分析了不同高度浓度的垂直廓线、相关性和日变化特征,并探讨了风向风速对其的影响.结果表明,SO_2浓度随高度升高先降低再升高,在高空存在明显的区域输送特征;NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度随高度升高而下降,70 m高度近地大气中NO_x和PM_(2.5)受局地源影响显著,白天存在由近地大气向上混合扩散的过程,而PM_(10)中的粗粒子部分在整个气层中显现出一个比较稳定的本底值;O_3浓度随高度升高而升高,主要由于夜间高空O_3缺乏NO的滴定反应而具有一个较高的背景值.     

旅客列车智能定点停车的研究

根据我国目前旅客列车不能实现自动精确定点停车的现状,提出了旅客列车通过到发线上的三级感应减速装置自动控制机车制动风压,依次减速来实现在预定地点停车.通过列车有效制动距离计算模型,验证了列车通过Ⅰ级调速感应装置采用最大常用制动后滑行距离不超过1000 nm.     

棘洪滩水库典型风况分析及其应用研究

棘洪滩水库的源水是水库流场变化的主要动力,风力状况也是影响棘洪滩水库流场况变化的重要因素,当水库处于非调水期,风力状况的作用尤为明显。本论文整理了棘洪滩水库1989-2008年20年间气象资料,统计得出水库年际和四个季度的风向、风力变化情况。结果表明,棘洪滩水库常年盛行风向是南风和西北风。春季和冬季以西北风为主,夏季和秋季以东风和东南风为主。通过sMs软件建立的水质模型可以验证,不同的风向与风力大小对水库流场的变化有着显著的影响。     

Spatio-temporal variation of near-surface wind speed over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1970 to 2020北大核心CSCD

基于1970-2020年青藏高原区域及其附近154个气象站点的风速风向观测数据,采用线性拟合等方法,分析该地区年平均和季节平均近地面风速的时空分布特征和日变化特征.结果表明:(1)青藏高原区域1970-2020年年均风速在0.6-4.2m/s之间,青藏高原主体年均风速较高,高原周边地区风速较低;(2)青藏高原区域1970-2020年间近地面风速呈极显著下降趋势,2000年以后呈极显著增加趋势;(3)青藏高原区域1970-2020年间近地面风速春季最大,冬、夏次之,秋季最小,不同季节平均风速均是高原主体大于高原周边,4个季节的平均风速均呈极显著降低趋势,春季平均风速降低的速率最大;(4)大气环流驱动力的减弱可能是青藏高原区域地面风速呈减弱趋势的主导性因素.青藏高原近地面风速显著的变化特征可为青藏高原风能资源开发利用、农林生态系统开发与保护等提供科学依据.(图5参46)     

风门开闭动态过程对矿井风流影响规律研究*

为探究风门开闭动态过程对矿井风流的影响规律,采用数值模拟方法,得出风门开启角度对于巷道内流场变化及测点风速波动的影响及其规律,结合实验验证测点风速波动规律,并分析风门开启角度与第1次峰值出现时间、异常风速波动时长、风速波动幅值3个波动特征之间的关系。研究结果表明:风门开启后,风门所在巷道及其关联巷道流场产生剧烈波动;风门关闭后,波动影响也不会立即消失;风门开闭动态过程中,所有测点的风速皆呈现先升后降或先降后升的波动规律,随后进入震荡过程,最后震荡逐渐减小至正常风速波动范围内,其中风门所在巷道的测点风速会在震荡过程中产生风速方向反转现象;经对比分析,风门前的测点风速波动特征更好反映风门开启角度,二者呈正相关性。     

氯化镉和敌敌畏突发胁迫下斑马鱼的行为差异

采用计算机摄像跟踪技术,以正常水体中斑马鱼的行为变化为基础,比较突发性氯化镉和敌敌畏污染胁迫下斑马鱼的个体行为(游动速度、深度、转弯次数和加速度)和鱼群行为(平均距离和分散度)的变化规律.研究结果表明:斑马鱼在两种污染物突发性胁迫下,行为反应快速且敏感,游动行为响应与污染物种类和暴露时间直接相关;两种不同类型的污染胁迫...     

旋转式滗水器的工作原理与变频调速控制

SBR法是目前应用较为广泛的一种污水处理技术,其关键的机械设备之一就是旋转式滗水器。通过分析旋转式滗水器的基本结构及工作原理,推导出堰口与驱动装置间的数学关系式,并运用列举法采样滗水过程中的运行数据。根据实际运行的经验对采样的数据进行整合,介绍利用变频调速控制技术实现匀速滗水的方法。