“双向探索法”──一种研究移民环境容量的新方法

水利工程的移民环境容量受社会、经济、环境等诸要素的制约。本文以中国四川省开县为例,提出“双向探索法”,并应用于移民环境容量研究,研究方法可行、灵活,且求解迅速可靠,能为决策者提供多种行动方案和决策信息。为本领域的科学研究做了一次有意义的尝试。     

重庆城乡关联发展的空间演变分析及综合评价

本文在系统分析影响城乡关联发展的几类因素的基础上．利用重庆直辖前后不同年份的数据资料．运用因子分析技术提取影响城乡关联发展的主导因子，并利用AreGIS将主因子信息空间化．借以直观的对比不同时间城乡发展的空间变化．揭示影响城乡关联变化的主要驱动因素。得到的主要结论是：影响重庆城乡关联变化的三大因子是城乡产业结构因子、城乡交流因子以及城镇规模因子。重庆城乡关联变化的特点是重庆都市圈发展稳定，一直处于一级中心的地位；空间分布特点是圈层性日益突出；包括基础设施在内的硬环境改善相对其他因子的改善更为突出。综合评价结果分析得知制度创新是重庆城乡关联发展的主要驱动力因素。     

典型有机物与超滤膜界面作用及膜污染机制研究

对二级出水中典型有机物的膜通量及膜污染变化情况进行分析比较,并应用扩展DLVO(x DLVO)理论分析了有机物超滤过程中的界面作用能对膜污染行为的影响机制.研究表明,海藻酸钠(SA)导致的膜通量下降最为显著,其次为腐殖酸(HA)和牛血清白蛋白(BSA);就3种有机物而言,膜污染均主要发生在粘附阶段,而在粘聚阶段中膜污染程度较小.对比而言,海藻酸钠(SA)主要形成可逆污染,腐殖酸(HA)和牛血清白蛋白(BSA)则以不可逆污染为主.在过滤过程中,极性界面作用能是控制膜污染的主要因素,HA和BSA的极性界面作用能为正值,能抑制膜污染,而SA的极性界面作用能为负值,会加剧膜污染.3种有机物在粘聚阶段的极性界面作用能均大于粘附阶段,说明粘附阶段的膜污染更严重.     

声学环境影响评价——大剧院设计声学案例分析

大剧院观众厅是音乐家最后的乐器,音乐效果是由观众厅声学反应出来的。前面演奏者要把声音传播给观众席,再从观众席后排反声回给演奏者,这样的互动是最完美的剧院设计。     

Enhanced oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene by crude enzyme extracts produced during interspecific fungal interaction of Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The effects of interspecific fungal interactions between Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium on laccase activity and enzymatic oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated. A deadlock between the two mycelia rather than replacement of one fungus by another was observed on an agar medium. The laccase activity in crude enzyme extracts from interaction zones reached a maximum after a 5-day incubation, which was significantly higher than that from regions of T. versicolor or P. chrysosporium alone. The enhanced induction of laccase activity lasted longer in half nutrition than in normal nutrition. A higher potential to oxidize benzo[a]pyrene by a crude enzyme preparation extracted from the interaction zones was demonstrated. After a 48 hr incubation period, the oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene by crude enzyme extracts from interaction zones reached 26.2%, while only 9.5% of benzo[a]pyrene was oxidized by crude extracts from T. versicolor. The oxidation was promoted by the co-oxidant 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate diammonium salt (ABTS). These findings indicate that the application of co-culturing of white-rot fungi in bioremediation is a potential ameliorating technique for the restoration of PAH-contaminated soil.     

水稻秸秆生物碳对重金属Pb2+的吸附作用及影响因素

以农业废弃物水稻秸秆为原料,采用限氧裂解法制备了不同温度(350、500和700℃)下的秸秆生物碳(RC350、RC500和RC700),研究了生物碳对Pb2+的吸附性能、作用机制及影响因素,为准确预测生物碳还田固碳对土壤中重金属迁移行为的影响提供理论参考.结果表明,生物碳对Pb2+的吸附行为符合准一级动力学方程,Pb2+在RC350、RC500、RC700上的吸附速率分别为0.167h-1、0.154h-1、0.388h-1;其等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir方程,最大吸附量分别为65.3、85.7和76.3mg·g-1,是原秸秆生物质RC100的5～6倍、活性炭AC的2～3倍.生物碳单位面积上的有效吸附点位比AC高约10倍.经酸化去除表面矿物成分后,RC350和RC700对Pb2+的吸附能力急剧下降,其最大吸附量、吸附亲和力与AC相近;红外光谱分析表明,去灰分后生物碳上有机碳官能团并无明显减少,而无机矿物(如SiO2)含量显著降低.生物碳中的有机碳组分和无机矿物组分对其吸附Pb2+均有重要贡献,其中无机矿物组分的吸附量及亲和力均大于有机碳组分.     

Using Ecological Function to Develop Recovery Criteria for Depleted Species: Sea Otters and Kelp Forests in the Aleutian Archipelago

Abstract: Recovery criteria for depleted species or populations normally are based on demographic measures, the goal being to maintain enough individuals over a sufficiently large area to assure a socially tolerable risk of future extinction. Such demographically based recovery criteria may be insufficient to restore the functional roles of strongly interacting species. We explored the idea of developing a recovery criterion for sea otters (Enhydra lutris) in the Aleutian archipelago on the basis of their keystone role in kelp forest ecosystems. We surveyed sea otters and rocky reef habitats at 34 island‐time combinations. The system nearly always existed in either a kelp‐dominated or deforested phase state, which was predictable from sea otter density. We used a resampling analysis of these data to show that the phase state at any particular island can be determined at 95% probability of correct classification with information from as few as six sites. When sea otter population status (and thus the phase state of the kelp forest) was allowed to vary randomly among islands, just 15 islands had to be sampled to estimate the true proportion that were kelp dominated (within 10%) with 90% confidence. We conclude that kelp forest phase state is a more appropriate, sensitive, and cost‐effective measure of sea otter recovery than the more traditional demographically based metrics, and we suggest that similar approaches have broad potential utility in establishing recovery criteria for depleted populations of other functionally important species.     

Setting Realistic Recovery Targets for Two Interacting Endangered Species,Sea Otter and Northern Abalone

Failure to account for interactions between endangered species may lead to unexpected population dynamics, inefficient management strategies, waste of scarce resources, and, at worst, increased extinction risk. The importance of species interactions is undisputed, yet recovery targets generally do not account for such interactions. This shortcoming is a consequence of species‐centered legislation, but also of uncertainty surrounding the dynamics of species interactions and the complexity of modeling such interactions. The northern sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) and one of its preferred prey, northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana), are endangered species for which recovery strategies have been developed without consideration of their strong predator–prey interactions. Using simulation‐based optimization procedures from artificial intelligence, namely reinforcement learning and stochastic dynamic programming, we combined sea otter and northern abalone population models with functional‐response models and examined how different management actions affect population dynamics and the likelihood of achieving recovery targets for each species through time. Recovery targets for these interacting species were difficult to achieve simultaneously in the absence of management. Although sea otters were predicted to recover, achieving abalone recovery targets failed even when threats to abalone such as predation and poaching were reduced. A management strategy entailing a 50% reduction in the poaching of northern abalone was a minimum requirement to reach short‐term recovery goals for northern abalone when sea otters were present. Removing sea otters had a marginally positive effect on the abalone population but only when we assumed a functional response with strong predation pressure. Our optimization method could be applied more generally to any interacting threatened or invasive species for which there are multiple conservation objectives. Definición de Metas de Recuperación Realistas para Dos Especies en Peligro Interactuantes, Enhydra lutris y Haliotis kamtschatkana