基于正交试验的臭氧及其前体物的非线性响应及控制方案

臭氧浓度与其前体物排放在不同地区、不同时刻具有高度非线性关系,如何精准防控臭氧污染成为了目前研究的难点.本文基于WRF-Chem 空气质量模式和自建的乌海市2018年大气污染物排放清单,以2018年8月17～20日乌海市海勃湾市区的一次臭氧污染过程为例,利用有交互作用的正交试验研究臭氧及其前体物之间的非线性响应,揭示臭...     

Flow and transport in fractured tuff at Yucca Mountain: numerical experiments on fast preferential flow mechanisms

Recent discovery of bomb-related ³⁶Cl at depth in fractured tuff in the unsaturated zone at the Yucca Mountain candidate high-level waste (HLW) repository site has called into question the usual modeling assumptions based on the equivalent continuum model (ECM). A dual continuum model (DCM) for simulating transient flow and transport at Yucca Mountain is developed. In order to ensure properly converged flow solutions, which are used in the transport simulation, a new flow solution convergence criteria is derived. An extensive series of simulation studies is presented which indicates that rapid movement of solute through the fractures will not occur unless there are intense episodic infiltration events. Movement of solute in the environs of the repository is enhanced if the properties of the tuff layer at the repository horizon are modified from current best-estimate values. Due to a large advective–dispersive coupling between the matrix and fractures, the matrix acts as a major buffer which inhibits rapid transport along the fractures. Consequently, fast movement of solutes through the fractures to the repository depth can only be explained if the matrix–fracture coupling term is significantly reduced from a value that would be calculated on the basis of data currently available.     

Interaction of DNA with aromatic hydrocarbons fraction in atmospheric particulates of Xigu District of Lanzhou, China

Voluminously epidemiological studies show that the relationships exist between the air pollution and human health and cancer. Aromatic hydrocarbons(AHs)in air form a large class of organic pollutants,which are widely in environment and many of them are known to be carcinogenic and/or mutagenic and contribute to ambient air pollution.In the past decades,bioassays mainly have been used to evaluate the toxicity of chemical mixtures in atmospheric particulates or aqueous environment.However,it is well known that the covalent complexes formed by carcinogens with DNA may be exert negative results in bioassay.So the main aim of this paper is to develop an evaluation method of toxicity effects of chemical mixtures in atmospheric particulates from chemical standpoint.In this study,the in vitro interaction of the AHs with DNA was investigated by absorption,fluorescence and resonance light scattering (RLS)spectroscopic techniques.The results showed that the AHs in the atmospheric particulates could combine with calf thymus DNA(ctDNA)and herring sperm DNA(hsDNA)without being activated or metabolized by organism,respectively.Intercalation may be present in the mechanism of interaction.The binding constants of the AHs with ctDNA and hsDNA were 2.5×10~2 and 2.0×10~3, respectively,which indicated that the interaction of the AHs with hsDNA is stronger than that with ctDNA.In addition,the relationships of dose-effect between the total mole concentration of chemical components and the ability of binding ctDNA and hsDNA were confirmed.This research made it possible to study the toxicity effects of chemical mixtures in atmospheric particulates by chemical method.It is believed that the composition and contents of unknown AHs and the interaction of DNA with AHs in atmospheric particulates of Xigu District of Lanzhou City,China are first reported in the past twenty years.     

Setting Realistic Recovery Targets for Two Interacting Endangered Species,Sea Otter and Northern Abalone

Failure to account for interactions between endangered species may lead to unexpected population dynamics, inefficient management strategies, waste of scarce resources, and, at worst, increased extinction risk. The importance of species interactions is undisputed, yet recovery targets generally do not account for such interactions. This shortcoming is a consequence of species‐centered legislation, but also of uncertainty surrounding the dynamics of species interactions and the complexity of modeling such interactions. The northern sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) and one of its preferred prey, northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana), are endangered species for which recovery strategies have been developed without consideration of their strong predator–prey interactions. Using simulation‐based optimization procedures from artificial intelligence, namely reinforcement learning and stochastic dynamic programming, we combined sea otter and northern abalone population models with functional‐response models and examined how different management actions affect population dynamics and the likelihood of achieving recovery targets for each species through time. Recovery targets for these interacting species were difficult to achieve simultaneously in the absence of management. Although sea otters were predicted to recover, achieving abalone recovery targets failed even when threats to abalone such as predation and poaching were reduced. A management strategy entailing a 50% reduction in the poaching of northern abalone was a minimum requirement to reach short‐term recovery goals for northern abalone when sea otters were present. Removing sea otters had a marginally positive effect on the abalone population but only when we assumed a functional response with strong predation pressure. Our optimization method could be applied more generally to any interacting threatened or invasive species for which there are multiple conservation objectives. Definición de Metas de Recuperación Realistas para Dos Especies en Peligro Interactuantes, Enhydra lutris y Haliotis kamtschatkana     

GUIDELINES FOR INTERACTIVE COMPUTER SOFTWARE IN WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING1

ABSTRACT: A case study in the development of interactive computer software for water resources related engineering problems in presented. Guidelines for the preparation of a uniform set of interactive program requirements are discussed. Use of the developed guidelines will reduce computer usage expenditures by minimizing program learning time and data entry errors.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

基于主成分回归的整合模型预测重金属混合物毒性

为解决CA和IA模型预测结果共线性的问题,基于主成分回归改进已有整合加和模型ICIM,建立新的混合物整合模型（PCR-IAM）,并预测加和、协同和拮抗相互作用的重金属混合物联合毒性.以混合物实验浓度为因变量,浓度加和与独立作用预测混合物效应浓度的主成分回归为自变量,建立了PCR-IAM模型.以4个二元混合物体系（Ni-Fe、Ni-Pb、Ni-Cd和Ni-Cr）共20条混合物射线的联合毒性（共240个样本点）验证PCR-IAM模型的预测能力.结果表明,所有二元混合物的PCR-IAM模型的决定系数（R²）和留一法（LOO）交叉验证相关系数（Q²）值均大于0.95,表明PCR-IAM模型能够准确预测20条加和效应、协同和拮抗作用混合物的联合毒性.因此,经验数学模型PCR-IAM模型可以准确预测加和效应、协同和拮抗作用混合物毒性,为构建更合理的整合模型及环境混合污染物的风险评估提供可靠的技术手段.     

Thermal Effects of Photon-Phonon Interaction on a Simple Tissue

Summary The thermal effect due to electromagnetic absorption by human tissues is investigated at different frequencies ranging from 10¹–10¹⁶ Hz. Special emphasis is being considered in the microwave band used in wireless communications of the mobile industry. The present work examines basically the thermal effect that arises as the duration of exposure to the electromagnetic radiation and its dosage is increased. Using a computer simulation, a semi-classical model is adopted, were the photon-phonon interaction is mediated by a homogenous sample of identical elements, which are naturally in harmonic modes of vibration. The phonon lifetime is also included in this work. These thermal effects decrease with frequency in conformity with experimental results. This model is then extrapolated to the individual cells of a human tissue and the possible rise in temperature is estimated.     

单侧接触埋置结构与瞬态SH波的动力相互作用——时域边界元分析

应用时域边界元法 ,研究了单侧接触埋置结构与瞬态SH液 (剪切横波 )的动力相互作用 ,当入射SH波足够强时 ,界面会出现局部滑移并假设摩擦遵守库仓定理。笔者从实际情况出发 ,提出了新的数学模型和计算方法 ,计算了埋置矩形结构与瞬态SH波的动力相互作用问题 ,由于对此类问题的深入研究 ,为评估和预测埋置结构在动荷载下的安全性及疲劳寿命提供了重要的理论价值