声学环境影响评价——大剧院设计声学案例分析

大剧院观众厅是音乐家最后的乐器,音乐效果是由观众厅声学反应出来的。前面演奏者要把声音传播给观众席,再从观众席后排反声回给演奏者,这样的互动是最完美的剧院设计。     

水热条件与土壤性质对农田土壤硝化作用的影响

水热条件、土壤性质和耕作管理影响了土壤的硝化作用从而影响农田氮素循环和平衡.本试验选择中国东部3个气候带上的主要农田土壤：中温带黑龙江海伦的黑土、暖温带河南封丘的潮土和中亚热带江西鹰潭的红壤,在上述3个地点的生态试验站建立土壤置换试验,对比研究不同水热条件和土壤类型对玉米单作系统中土壤硝化作用的交互影响.2006～2007年的试验结果表明,在玉米抽雄期,从海伦到鹰潭（月均温由22.3℃上升到26.8℃,月降水由100.8 mm增加到199.6 mm）,3种土壤的硝化作用强度均随着月均温和月降水的增加而下降,黑土、潮土和红壤分别下降了64.2％～67.2%、 52.1%～52.5%和41.7%～75.2%,土壤的硝化作用强度与气温（r＝－0.354,p<0.01）和降水（r＝－0.290,p<0.01）均呈极显著负相关.土壤类型也显著影响了土壤硝化细菌的数量和硝化强度,硝化细菌数和硝化强度的大小顺序为：潮土> 黑土> 红壤.土壤pH对土壤硝化强度有显著影响,其相关系数r=0.551（p<0.01）.总体上,在玉米抽雄期,区域水热状况及土壤类型、施肥均影响了土壤的硝化强度,水热×土壤类型、水热×施肥、土壤类型×施肥、水热×土壤类型×施肥等对硝化强度有着极显著的交互作用.     

“2+26”城市一次多因素叠加重污染过程的特征分析

2018年11月23日-12月4日,京津冀及周边地区"2+26"城市出现了一次长时间、大范围、高强度的复合型大气重污染过程,为揭示区域性重污染过程中多因素的综合作用,利用气象资料、空气质量监测等多源数据以及区域污染特征雷达图,对京津冀及周边地区"2+26"城市此次重污染特征和成因进行分析.结果表明:根据PM_2.5/PM₁₀[ρ（PM_2.5）/ρ（PM₁₀）,下同]可将此次重污染过程划分为4个阶段.第一阶段（2018年11月23-26日）PM_2.5/PM₁₀在0.5~1.0内波动,"2+26"城市大气扩散条件转差,一次污染物局地积累及SO₂、NO_x、NH₃等气态污染物在高湿条件下二次转化是污染形成并发展的主要原因;第二阶段（11月27日）PM_2.5/PM₁₀突降至0.2左右,"2+26"城市北部受形成于蒙古国的沙尘影响,短时ρ（PM₁₀）快速升高（峰值为818 μg/m3）,中南部受形成于内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟的沙尘及上风向PM_2.5污染的传输影响,ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）均较高,维持日均重度污染水平（参照GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》和HJ 633-2012《环境空气质量指数（AQI）技术规定（试行）》）;第三阶段（11月28日-12月2日）PM_2.5/PM₁₀由0.3逐渐升至0.8,在静稳、高湿的不利气象条件下,一次污染物积累并二次转化,第二阶段残留沙尘中的矿物质对硫酸盐起到催化作用,导致ρ（PM_2.5）快速上升,"2+26"城市大部分达日均重度及以上污染;第四阶段（12月3-4日）与第二阶段类似,PM_2.5/PM₁₀突降至0.2,"2+26"城市再次受到沙尘天气和区域传输的共同影响,因冷空气持续时间较长,污染被有效清除.研究显示,此次污染过程是气象条件、污染物一次排放和二次转化、区域传输、沙尘天气等多因素综合作用的结果.当静稳、高湿等不利气象条件或沙尘天气出现时,区域应加强对各类污染物排放的管控力度,以降低污染物的一次排放、二次转化以及沙尘和区域传输的共同影响,进而削弱污染严重程度.      

Removal of ammonium ion from water by Na-rich birnessite: Performance and mechanisms

Na-rich birnessite (NRB) was synthesized by a simple synthesis method and used as a high-efficiency adsorbent for the removal of ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) from aqueous solution. In order to demonstrate the adsorption performance of the synthesized material, the effects of contact time, pH, initial ammonium ion concentration, and temperature were investigated. Adsorption kinetics showed that the adsorption behavior followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models and the model parameters were evaluated. The monolayer adsorption capacity of the adsorbent, as obtained from the Langmuir isotherm, was 22.61 mg NH₄⁺-N/g at 283 K. Thermodynamic analyses showed that the adsorption was spontaneous and that it was also a physisorption process. Our data revealed that the higher NH₄⁺ adsorption capacity could be primarily attributed to the water absorption process and electrostatic interaction. Particularly, the high surface hydroxyl-content of NRB enables strong interactions with ammonium ion. The results obtained in this study illustrate that the NRB is expected to be an effective and economically viable adsorbent for ammonium ion removal from aqueous system.     

Parameterization of the roughness length over the sea in forced and free convection

In the condition of free convection, the Charnock relation is inadequate. In this paper we extend the Charnock relation to include the effect of free convection on the roughness length. As a result, the singularity in the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory can be avoided. This paper shows two approaches to derive the roughness length formula in the forced and free convections. The first approach is based on the mixing length theory and the use of the observational data of the vertical velocity variance. We introduce a new vertical velocity scale based on the vertical velocity variance; this velocity variance is well behaved in the atmospheric boundary layer and easy to obtain from field experiments. The second approach is based on the theoretical framework of Sykes et al. (Q R Met Soc, 119: 409–421). From that framework, we develop a theory to obtain the roughness length formula. The results of these two approaches are in agreement with each other. In the past, a multiplication factor associated with free convection was considered to be a constant. This paper shows that this multiplication factor is, in fact, also dependent on the depth of the mixing height. In previous studies, experimental works were often conducted without taking into account the depth of the mixing height. Not taking into account the mixing height in the estimation of the roughness length in free convection would result in an inaccurate estimate of the roughness length and hence the drag coefficient. An erratum to this article can be found at     

五氯酚对牛血清白蛋白的荧光猝灭作用

用荧光光谱和紫外吸收光谱法研究了五氯酚对牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的荧光猝灭作用.结果表明,五氯酚可以有规律地使BSA内源荧光猝灭,其猝灭机理可认为是五氯酚与BSA形成复合物的静态猝灭;并获得了不同温度下,五氯酚与BSA作用的结合常数和热力学参数.根据所得结果可推断五氯酚与BSA的作用力为疏水作用力和静电作用力.同时由Forster非辐射能量转移理论计算得出了五氯酚与BSA结合位置的距离.     

流动体系下黄铁矿-方铅矿原电池反应实验研究

采用三电极体系,在流动溶液下,改变溶液组分浓度和流速,对黄铁矿和方铅矿组成的原电池腐蚀电流密度和混合电位进行研究,结果表明:Na+离子对原电池反应无明显影响,Fe3+离子能明显加快原电池的腐蚀速度,并且Fe3+浓度越大腐蚀速度越快;溶液流速越大原电池腐蚀速度越快。实验结果对矿山环境污染治理有指导意义。结合混合电位理论和Butler-Volmer方程从理论上对实验结果进行了解释。     

典型重金属胁迫对日本沼虾的氧化损伤及交互作用

为深入探讨水体不同浓度重金属联合对水生生物的慢性毒性机制,本研究以日本沼虾(Macrobranchium nipponense)为受试生物,镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)为目标金属,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、金属硫蛋白(MT)和丙二醛(MDA)为测试终点,研究不同浓度的Cd和Pb单一及联合暴露对日本沼虾的氧化损伤及交互作用。实验结果表明:Cd对虾的致死浓度为1 mg·L-1,当其与同浓度Pb联合时,致死毒性增强;在0.01 mg·L-1和0.1 mg·L-1下联合时均表现为拮抗作用。不同处理组对标志物产生不同程度的诱导或抑制效应,其中,SOD活性均受到胁迫抑制,0.1 mg·L-1Cd暴露10 d后对肝胰腺SOD抑制率达53.38%,0.1 mg·L-1Pb暴露10 d后对肌肉SOD抑制率达70.02%;CAT活性整体受胁迫激活,肝胰腺与肌肉CAT活性在时间尺度上呈现相反的变化规律;肝胰腺中MT和MDA对重金属的敏感性要高于肌肉;综合生物标志物响应(IBR)评价表明,机体在时间尺度上可通过酶活性调节而具有一定的解毒功能,但并不能消除重金属引起的氧化损伤,且重金属单一毒性要高于联合毒性,其中Cd对肝胰腺毒性最大,Pb对肌肉毒性最大。研究结果能够为水体重金属生态风险预警、水质基准制定及流域水环境管理提供依据。     

安徽安庆铜矿床硫的来源及转换机制

安庆铜矿床的硫同位素组成复杂．不能用单一硫源或物理化学条件的变化来解释。本文依据区域成矿地质背景及矿床地质特征，研究了硫从硫源地质体转移到成矿热液中的六种可能机理（模型），并确定了矿床的硫源。     

环境毒物检测方法──细菌培养顶空气相色谱法及其应用研究

用顶空气相色谱技术测定环境毒物对大肠杆菌（Ｅ．Ｃｏｌｉ）代谢产物ＣＯ２的抑制程度,以ＩＣ５０（５０％抑制浓度）判断毒性大小,旨在探索一种快速检测环境污染物毒性的方法。本试验选择最佳条件为;细菌浓度１０９个／ｍｌ,ｐＨ值７２—７．４,顶空管气液比１：２．５,培养４ｈ,以及适宜的ＣＯ２测定色谱条件。用该方法检测８种离子毒性,ＩＣ５０值顺序为Ｈｇ２＋（０．８６×１０—６）＞Ｃｕ２＋（８．００×１０—６）＞Ｃｄ２＋（８．３９×１０－６）＞ＣＮ－（１０．２０×１０－６）＞Ｐｂ２＋（１１．２０×１０－６）＞Ｓｎ２＋（２０．１０×１０－６）＞Ｎｉ２＋（３９．７０×１０－６）;研究了Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋、Ｃｕ２＋、Ｚｎ２＋和ＣＮ－５种离子间联合毒性作用,大多数表现为相加作用,也有协同和拮抗作用;芳香族化合物结构活性与毒性两者间有密切关系,取代基种类和数目不同,毒性各异;探讨硝基废水处理过程中毒性随硝基苯类化合物的浓度、ＣＯＤ值降低而减弱。