中国交通运输碳排放强度时空交互特征及跃迁机制

采取多种空间分析的方法,对2002～2020年交通运输业碳排放强度的时空交互特征进行剖析,通过得到的时空跃迁类型与面板分位数模型进行嵌套来探究其跃迁机制,最后根据不同的跃迁机制引入地理探测器模型来考察影响交通运输业碳排放强度的不同因素之间的交互作用效应.结果表明: ①中国30个省区的交通运输业碳排放强度整体呈波动下降态势,在空间上的聚集水平也相对稳定.②ESTDA的时空交互特征表明,西北地区和周边邻接空间单位的关系不稳定,变化和波动较大.而东部沿海城市等经济发达地区已经形成了成熟的交通运输网络,因此局部空间格局也相对稳定,但仍有部分地区存在时空竞争性.③交通运输业碳排放强度时空跃迁可分为4类驱动或制约模式（人口-经济-城镇化制约模式;人口-经济-城镇化-设施制约模式;技术-消费-产业驱动模式和技术-产业-规制驱动模式）.大部分省份受低分位制约和高分位驱动两种模式的影响,仅有少部分省份受高分位制约和低分位驱动的作用影响,且绝大多数属于西北或西南地区.④根据得出的交通运输业碳排放强度跃迁机制进一步引入地理探测器模型,注重多因子的协调发展,加强区域间协同治理.     

气泡雾化细水雾灭火有效性实验研究

气泡雾化技术是一种双流体的细水雾发生方法。作者根据气泡雾化的雾化机理自行设计了一种气泡雾化喷嘴，并通过先进的实验诊断手段和模拟实验，对该喷嘴产生的细水雾的雾场特性进行了测量，研究了其熄灭煤油火和酒精火的有效性，为发展新型的细水雾发生方法积累了必要的实验数据。     

考虑流固强耦合效应的深水桥墩地震反应分析

基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉(Aribitrary Lagrange-Euler,ALE)描述的Navier-Stokes方程,建立了考虑流固强耦合效应(Fluid-structure interaction,FSI)的深水桥墩地震反应分析整体有限元模型,分析了流固强耦合效应对桥墩墩身相对位移、剪力和弯矩反应的影响,讨论了不同水位下的流固耦合效应及其影响。算例结果表明:流固强耦合效应将使墩身位移和内力反应明显增大,增大幅度与输入地震波的频谱特性存在相关性;输入地震波的位移峰值越大,流固耦合效应对位移反应的影响越大,对内力反应的影响越小;水位对深水桥墩内力反应的影响较对位移的影响显著。     

铜绿微囊藻与藻际细菌Ma-B1菌株的相互作用

藻与细菌通常共生于淡水生境,形成藻-菌共生体系,藻际细菌是水体生态系统中的重要组成部分,对藻的消长起重要的调控作用,但有关藻际微环境中藻与细菌的互作机制还不清楚. 采用传统的细菌平板培养方法,从太湖优势水华藻——铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)细胞表面分离出一株藻际细菌Ma-B1,基于生理、生化试验和16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定为甲基营养芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus). 通过测定细胞生长,分析藻-菌相互作用机理. 结果表明:一定浓度(＞60 μg/mL)的Ma-B1的胞外代谢物可显著抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长(培养基为BG11,28 ℃/日,22 ℃/夜,3 000 lx,光暗比为14 h∶10 h);铜绿微囊藻的胞外滤液(500 μL/mL)对Ma-B1的生长有一定的促进作用,但其总滤液(500 μL/mL)显著促进Ma-B1的生长;Ma-B1细胞对铜绿微囊藻的生长没有显著影响,而高浓度(藻菌比10∶1)的铜绿微囊藻细胞则可显著抑制Ma-B1的生长. 铜绿微囊藻与Ma-B1之间存在复杂的相互抑制或促进关系,共同影响着藻、菌在自然水体生态系统中的消长.      

Effects of soil-structure interaction on fragility and seismic risk; a case study of power plant containment

Safety-related structures are designed to provide a safe environment for the occupants and equipment during and after earthquakes. This is due to the fact that any damage imposed to the systems might lead to catastrophic consequences. Seismic probabilistic risk assessment (SPRA) is a systematic approach for the quantification of the seismic risk. One of the crucial steps in this assessment is to determine the seismic capacity of the structures by fragility method. After a review of available methodologies, this article analyzes the seismic fragility for a typical power plant containment considering the effects of soil-structure interaction (SSI). The structure and underneath soil profile are analyzed as a unified model by the subtraction method. Two steps are considered for the assessment of seismic response: In the first step, a fixed-base hypothesis framework is implemented to the computational problem. The second step covers computations taking into account the SSI effects. Using the results of seismic response analysis and safety factor method, seismic fragility of the structure is computed and related fragility curves are developed. Finally, by comparing the fragility curves, the effects of SSI are quantified on the overall seismic risk.     

Simulation-based fault propagation analysis—Application on hydrogen production plant

Recently production of hydrogen from water through the Cu–Cl thermochemical cycle is developed as a new technology. The main advantages of this technology over existing ones are higher efficiency, lower costs, lower environmental impact and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Considering these advantages, the usage of this technology in new industries such as nuclear and oil is increasingly developed. Due to hazards involved in hydrogen production, design and implementation of hydrogen plants require provisions for safety, reliability and risk assessment. However, very little research is done from safety point of view. This paper introduces fault semantic network (FSN) as a novel method for fault diagnosis and fault propagation analysis by using evolutionary techniques like genetic programming (GP) and neural networks (NN), to uncover process variables’ interactions. The effectiveness, feasibility and robustness of the proposed method are demonstrated on simulated data obtained from the simulation of hydrogen production process in Aspen HYSYS^®. The proposed method has successfully achieved reasonable detection and prediction of non-linear interaction patterns among process variables.     

Interaction of selenium and cadmium in wheat at different salinities

Abstract

Interaction of Se up to 8?mg?kg^?1 soil and Cd at 5 and 15?mg?kg^?1 soil in wheat at different salinities was evaluated. Se concentrations in wheat shoots were progressively increased in parallel to Se in soil but decreased by addition of Cd. With increasing salinity, Cd concentrations increased and Se decreased. At low salinity, low addition of Se to the soil reduced Cd accumulation. At moderate and high salinities, only high Se amendment led to decline in Cd uptake, at the expense of reduction in biomass yield. Se at 0.5?mg?kg^?1 soil alleviated the negative effect of Cd on shoot yield.     

水稻基因类型与生长环境对精米中砷积累的影响

砷(As)是动植物非必需的有毒类金属。水稻是对As有较强吸收和富集能力的大宗粮食作物,大米的食用是我国及东南亚地区人体暴露As的最主要途径,严重威胁人体健康。水稻籽粒中As的积累与水稻的基因型及众多环境因子密切相关,而且表现出复杂的交互作用。在浙江省选择了不同土壤砷背景值的5块水稻田,同时在嘉兴市农科院布置了人工添加As的盆栽实验,比较了20个水稻品种在这6个实验点的精米中As含量。结果表明,水稻基因型与环境及其相互作用对水稻籽粒中As的积累均有极显著影响,并且筛选得到了5个精米中As含量较低的基因型:秀水128、秀水09、秀水134、甬粳16和Y-05-8。     

基于Box Behnken设计的煤导热系数分析与预测

为研究分析水分、固定碳及密度3个因素对煤导热系数的影响,选取多个矿井不同煤质的煤作为实验煤样,使用NETZSCH LFA457型激光导热系数测试仪进行测定,并引入二次响应曲面试验设计思想,采用Design Expert软件进行煤质指标的Box Behnken试验设计,按设计表筛选实验数据,构建了导热系数多因素、多水平影响下二次回归响应曲面模型,并对不同采样地点的煤导热系数进行了分析与预测。结果表明:二次回归方程P值小于0.000 1,极显著,失拟项为0.072 4,不显著,回归方程具有统计学意义;当水分在0.9%~10.9%,固定碳在49.3%~83.6%,密度在1.2~1.92 g·cm³之间,对煤的导热系数一次项影响程度为密度>固定碳>水分;二次项影响程度为固定碳和密度>水分和密度>水分和固定碳,且固定碳和密度之间存在交互作用,水分和密度、水分和固定碳之间无交互作用;应用响应曲面模型预测的煤导热系数误差为4.3%,满足精度要求。     

坡度和植被盖度对河岸坡面侵蚀产沙特征的影响

坡度和植被盖度是影响坡面土壤侵蚀的重要因子,探讨坡面土壤侵蚀产沙对坡度和植被盖度的响应,对坡面土壤侵蚀产沙的预测和调控具有重要意义。研究基于野外模拟径流冲刷试验,分析了不同坡度（5°、10°、15°、20°）和植被盖度（0、15%、30%）条件下坡面径流系数、泥沙量、时段径流含沙量和侵蚀泥沙粒径组成的变化过程,并运用双因素方差分析和相对贡献指数阐明黄河下游河岸坡面侵蚀产沙特征对坡度和植被盖度交互作用的响应。结果表明：不同植被盖度下坡面径流系数随冲刷历时增加而增加,在冲刷历时前5 min增幅较快,之后增幅变慢并趋于平缓;坡面径流含沙量随冲刷历时呈逐渐下降趋势,随后趋于平缓。坡度小于15°时,不同植被盖度之间的径流系数和时段径流含沙量差异较为明显,坡度大于15°后差异减小。侵蚀产生的泥沙量随冲刷历时和坡度的增加而增加;在同一坡度上,植被覆盖越低,侵蚀产生泥沙量越大。侵蚀泥沙的主要富集粒级中,Dx(10)以粉粒为主,Dx(50)以粗粉粒和极细砂粒为主,Dx(90)以极细砂粒和细砂粒为主。双因素方差分析表明,坡度对河岸坡面侵蚀产生的径流系数、产沙量和径流含沙量均有极显著影响（P<0.001）,植被盖度对产沙量和径流系数有极显著影响（P<0.001）,而坡度和植被盖度的交互作用仅对径流系数有显著影响（P<0.01）,同时相对贡献指数表明,在坡度和植被盖度对坡面侵蚀产沙的交互作用中,植被盖度的作用随坡度的增加逐渐减弱,而坡度的作用逐渐增强,并成为影响坡面水土流失的主导因素。