我国(讨论稿)和欧洲关于行人保护法规的异同点

通过对欧洲和我国讨论稿关于行人保护法规的分析比较研究,在定义方面有着相同和不同;在下腿型冲击器对保险杠的试验、上腿型冲击器对保险杠的试验、儿童头型冲击器对发动机罩的试验、成人头型冲击器对发动机罩的试验等实验中,使用的实验仪器设备、实验手段和方法、实验程序、评价指标存在着相同和不同之处。与欧洲法规相比,我国讨论稿的一些评价指标值有待进一步完善,试验手段和方法需要进一步改进,通过比较分析来不断修订我国行人保护法规讨论稿,以利于我国未来正式颁布行人保护法规。     

中国农业生态效率测度及时空差异研究

农业生态效率测度对于促进农业生态化和可持续发展具有重要作用。基于1993—2013年农业投入产出相关数据,采用劳动、土地、化肥、农药、农膜、机械动力、灌溉、役畜八类投入指标,农业碳排放和农业污染两类非期望产出指标以及农业总产值作为期望产出指标,利用SBM-Undesirable扩展模型测算全国、东中西、八经济区及省际农业(种植业)生态效率,并分解无效率项。结果显示:1样本期内中国农业生态效率总体呈现"降-升-降-升"平缓右偏型"W"结构,总体上中国农业生态效率趋于提升;2东中西部三个地区和八大经济区农业生态效率总体趋势与全国基本一致,但又各具特点,三区域中东部地区差异较大,八经济区中西北地区和西南地区差异较大;3省际农业生态效率总体上也存在差别,农业生态效率总体较高的省份既有上海、江苏等经济发达的沿海地区,又有贵州、新疆等经济落后地区。从效率损失结构来看,农业生态效率损失总体上主要是由投入冗余和非期望产出冗余导致的,但投入和非期望产出冗余内部结构又存在诸多不同。总体而言,化肥、农药、农膜过度使用及其负面作用在较多地区表现较为突出。农业生态效率测度实质是平衡农业投入、期望产出和非期望产出三者的关系,提升农业生态效率,促进农业生态化发展和可持续发展。同时,在农业生态效率评价中,要基于资源禀赋现实、基于要素替代关系、基于生态负面影响等,结合地区发展现实和不同的发展阶段进行相应调整,有区别地促进农业生态化发展。     

湘中丘陵区不同经营目标毛竹林年龄结构、生物量分配与碳贮量格局

经营模式对毛竹林生物量、碳贮量具有重要影响。研究了湘中丘陵区毛竹笋用林(Ⅰ)、笋材兼用林 (Ⅱ)和材用林(Ⅲ) 3种不同经营目标下的竹林年龄结构、生物量分配及碳贮量格局。结果表明：应减少1～2 a、增加5～6 a生竹的留养比例,控制达到1～2 a、3～4 a、5～6 a各占1/3左右的立竹年龄结构。不同层次生物量表现为乔木层＞凋落物层＞林下植被层,毛竹笋用林经营有利于增加乔木层生物量。乔木层生物量及所占比例分别为5183～5566 t/hm2、8895%～9293%,林下植被层生物量及所占比例分别为154～258 t/hm2、258%～443%,凋落物层生物量及所占比例分别为269～386 t/hm2、449%～662%。毛竹林总碳贮量排队顺序为Ⅱ（14263 t/hm2）＞Ⅰ（13389 t/hm2）＞Ⅲ（13004 t/hm2）,笋材兼用林有利于提高竹林碳贮能力。不同层次碳贮量排列顺序总体均表现为土壤层＞乔木层＞凋落物层＞林下植被层。湘中丘陵区毛竹林生物量、碳贮量较低,应提高集约经营水平     

Timing of phosphate application affects arsenic phytoextraction by Pteris vittata L. of different ages

The effects of timing in phosphate application on plant growth and arsenic removal by arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. of different ages were evaluated. The hydroponic experiment consisted of three plant ages (A45d, A90d and A180d) and three P feeding regimens (P200+0, P134+66 and P66+134) growing for 45 d in 0.2-strength Hoagland-Arnon solution containing 145 microg L(-1) As. While all plants received 200 microM P, P was added in two phases: during acclimation and after arsenic exposure. High initial P-supply (P200+0) favored frond biomass production and plant P uptake, while split-P application (P134+66 and P66+134) favored plant root production. Single P addition favored arsenic accumulation in the roots while split-P addition increased frond arsenic accumulation. Young ferns (A45d) in treatment P134+66 were the most efficient in arsenic removal, reducing arsenic concentration to below 10 microg L(-1) in 35 d. The results indicated that the use of young ferns, coupled with feeding of low initial P or split-P application, increased the efficiency of arsenic removal by P. vittata.     

两种填埋结构中氨氮的空间变化规律研究

依据准好氧填埋和厌氧填埋的原理,构建了准好氧和厌氧填埋的实验室模拟装置,研究了2种填埋结构渗滤液中氨氮的空间分布规律。结果表明,准好氧填埋结构3层渗滤液中氨氮浓度都呈不断稳定下降的趋势,29周时上层、中层和下层渗滤液中氨氮浓度分别从填埋初的931.8、1796和3019 mg/L下降到25.6、328.9和820.1 mg/L;厌氧填埋结构3层渗滤液中氨氮浓度下降趋势不明显且波动性较大。准好氧填埋与厌氧填埋结构渗滤液中氨氮浓度表现出明显的空间层次效应,为下层>中层>上层。     

长江流域农业地域分异及专业化生产研究

长江流域是我国农业生产的重要区域,农业发展总体水平高于全国平均,但流域内农业发展的自然条件,资源状况、人文特点等不尽一致,各省市农业发展在农业、农村经济、农业生产投入、农业及粮食生产等方面存在较大的地域差异。运用主分量分析法,得出各 综合评价结果;并在此基础上,根据主导农产品专业化生产和发展方向的分异,将长江流域划分为３个大区１７个亚区。     

Sex ratio and oviposition responses to host age and the fitness consequences to mother and offspring in the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius

In the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius more offspring and a greater proportion of daughters were oviposited in, and emerged from 0-day-old versus 3-day-old hosts. Offspring that developed on the younger hosts (1) were larger at adulthood, (2) developed more quickly, (3) had higher survivorship to adulthood, and (4) were more often able to chew their way out of the host. Sons and daughters did not differ in how host age affected their size, development rate, or survivorship. The greater proportion of daughters from the younger hosts may be adaptive, as described by the host quality model (a variant of the Trivers and Willard hypothesis). It is adaptive if greater size or more rapid development has a more positive effect on a daughter’s than a son’s fitness and the positive effect is large enough to compensate for sons being trapped disproportionately to daughters in the older hosts. Despite greater success at drilling the younger hosts, mothers did not try to drill them sooner or more often. Having previously oviposited on the older rather than the younger hosts had no detrimental effect on the mother’s subsequent longevity or offspring production. Received: 8 March 2000 / Revised: 9 June 2000 / Accepted: 24 June 2000     

我国林业发展的区域差异分析

采用偏离—份额和区位熵分析法,以2003—2006年为考察期,以全国为参照系,对我国31个省(区、市)的林木培育和种植、竹木采运、林产品的行业专业化程度、产业结构、竞争力的区域差异进行了分析。在上述分析基础上,结合全国和地区的林业发展状况,提出调整和优化林业产业结构、促进林业发展和改善林业经济增长质量的对策及建议。     

Against Oversimplifying the Issues on Relocating Turtle Eggs

Translocating sea turtle eggs at risk from high tides to safer places is one of the most widely undertaken conservation measures on behalf of these species. Recent research work has shown that individual female turtles differ in their nest-site preferences. If more of the nests saved by translocation come from turtles with tendencies to lay near the water, might this perhaps interfere with natural selection? This possibility adds to the controversy already surrounding relocation of turtle nests.     

中国区域发展与生态压力时空差异分析

区域经济社会的快速发展加大了对自然生态系统的压力,研究区域发展与生态压力之间的时空差异特征有助于理解和解决当前日趋严峻的人地矛盾问题.本文以生态足迹作为生态压力的表征指标,在测算各省区典型年份生态压力的基础上,分析1980年以来不同发展水平区域生态压力的动态变化、空间溢出及空间均衡特征.研究结果表明:①各区域人均生态压力园发展水平不同而存在明显梯度,高水平区域的生态压力较大,低水平区域生态压力增长幅度较大;②生态压力空间溢出效应因发展水平不同而存在较大差距,随发展水平的提高而增大,低水平区域的生态空间处于"被掠夺"的境地;③区域发展与生态压力之间的空间关联特征明显,总体上处于"高度均衡"与"相对均衡"状态,但生态基尼系数有明显上升趋势,由区域发展差异引致的生态占用不公平倾向令人担忧.文章提示,高水平区域应该从资金、技术、人才等方面对中低水平区域<或资源输出区)进行合理的补偿,以降低各区域在生态空间占用方面存在的不均等性.