长江流域空间经济系统的特征研究

从空间经济系统的角度来看,长江流域经济发展有三个具有内在联系的基本特征。道德是流域经济发展的空间差异性。这一特征集中体现在流域内各地区之间经济发展基础、经济发展速度、经济发展水平等同空间差异。其次是流域经济发展与自然条件和资源的空间耦合性。区域自然系统对区域经济发展有明显的作用和影响,突出地表现了上游经济发展属资源密集型、中游经济发展属劳动力密集型和资源密集型并存、下游为资金技术型。第三是流域经济     

Does sex affect both individual and collective vigilance in social mammalian herbivores: the case of the eastern grey kangaroo?

In several vertebrate taxa, males and females differ in the proportions of time they individually devote to vigilance, commonly attributed to sex differences in intra-specific competition or in absolute energy requirements. However, an effect of sex on collective vigilance is less often studied (and therefore rarely predicted), despite being relevant to any consideration of the adaptiveness of mixed- vs single-sex grouping. Controlling for group size, we studied the effect of sex on vigilance in the sexually dimorphic eastern grey kangaroo Macropus giganteus, analysing vigilance at two structural levels: individual vigilance and the group’s collective vigilance. Knowing that group members in this species tend to synchronise their bouts of vigilance, we tested (for the first time) whether sex affects the degree of synchrony between group members. We found that females were individually more vigilant than males and that their vigilance rate was unaffected by the presence of males. Collective vigilance did not differ between female-only and mixed-sex groups of the same size. Vigilance in mixed-sex groups was neither more nor less synchronous than in single-sex groups of females, and the presence of males seemed not to affect the degree of synchrony between females. Sixty-six percent of vigilant acts were unique (performed when no other kangaroo was alert), and only about one unique vigilant act in every three induced a collective wave of vigilance. The proportions of vigilant acts that were unique were 60% for females but only 46% for males. However, the sexes differed little in the rates at which their unique vigilant acts were copied. This limited study shows that the differences in vigilance between male and female kangaroos had no discernible effect upon collective vigilance.     

Sex differences in survival costs of reproduction in a promiscuous primate

In sexually promiscuous mammals, female reproductive effort is mainly expressed through gestation, lactation, and maternal care, whereas male reproductive effort is mainly manifested as mating effort. In this study, we investigated whether reproduction has significant survival costs for a seasonally breeding, sexually promiscuous species, the rhesus macaque, and whether these costs occur at different times of the year for females and males, namely in the birth and the mating season, respectively. The study was conducted with the rhesus macaque population on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. Data on 7,402 births and 922 deaths over a 45-year period were analyzed. Births were concentrated between November and April, while conceptions occurred between May and October. As predicted, female mortality probability peaked in the birth season whereas male mortality probability peaked in the mating season. Furthermore, as the onset of the birth season gradually shifted over the years in relation to climatic changes, there was a concomitant shift in the seasonal peaks of male and female mortality. Taken together, our findings provide the first evidence of sex differences in the survival costs of reproduction in nonhuman primates and suggest that reproduction has significant fitness costs even in environments with abundant food and absence of predation.     

空气幕技术在阻断矿井漏风中的应用

在通风系统改造过程中,应用“有效压力理论”充分利用闲置设备,自行设计制造了节能空气幕,既节省了空气幕的成品购置费用,又解决了系统的漏风问题。     

人口年龄结构、人口迁移与东北经济增长

近些年来,中国东北地区经济增速的迅速下滑引发了广泛关注,与此同时,东北地区的人口老龄化与人口流失局面也在加速发展,为探究二者间的联系,本文在梳理文献的基础上,选择从人口年龄结构和人口迁移的视角切入,利用扩展的索洛模型推导了各变量与人均资本、人均产出间的关系。并通过对地级市面板数据的一阶系统广义矩估计研究了人口年龄结构,人口迁移等变量对东北经济增长的影响及经济增长对人口迁移的反作用,利用交叉项分析探讨了人口因素对东北不同经济发展水平地区的差异化影响。实证发现:1劳动年龄人口占比与东北经济增长成正相关,而人口老龄化与人口净迁出均对东北经济增长产生了不利影响;2相较于一般性的人口流动,户籍人口的净迁出对经济增长的不利影响更突出;3人口年龄结构与人口迁移对发达地区和落后地区产生的影响会有所差异;4东北经济增长存在惯性且符合区域增长收敛理论;5投资率与劳动力参与率这两个变量则未能通过显著性检验。6经济增长也对人口迁移产生了一定的反作用。在此基础上,本文针对性地提出了一些建议:1东北地区应及时科学综合地应对人口老龄化,开发老龄人力资源,调整人口政策,平衡地区间养老压力,发展老龄产业;2东北地区应控制人口流失局面,放宽户籍限制,加快国企改革,形成合理的产业结构与制度环境,留住人才。     

基于GWR模型中国碳排放空间差异研究

本文通过地理加权回归方法(GWR)研究全国30个省份分别在1997年、2002年、2007年和2012年城镇化、工业结构和能源强度对二氧化碳排放的影响,揭示各影响因素在不同省份的空间差异性。结果表明城镇化在各省市对二氧化碳排放的影响不断增大,其中东部省市的影响较大。工业结构对二氧化碳排放的影响最大,并且呈现逐年下降的趋势。能源强度对二氧化碳排放在总体上有正影响,对中西部地区的部分省份在2007年有负影响,说明存在能源回弹效应。因此,在总体上制定减排政策时,要分区域、分省域制定合理的碳减排目标,对相邻的省份制定协同减排计划,同时要兼顾到欠发达省市的经济发展状况,让经济发达的区域和省市适当承担较多的碳减排任务。具体来看,在城镇化建设过程中,要合理利用公共的城市资源,分别从建筑、交通、工业和能源等方面制定低碳城市建设计划,同时,鼓励大家使用公共交通或者低碳出行方式,从而减少能源需求以及环境污染,进而能更好地保证生活质量和环境状况;从工业结构方面来看,要不断调整产业结构,逐步转向以第三产业为主导的产业结构。在西部地区,要结合当地的地理特征,以提供生产原料为主导产业,发展特色农业和特色林业,不断提升自然因素对碳的吸收能力;从能源强度来看,一方面要在经济快速发展的同时不断提高技术水平,积极开发风能、太阳能、生物质能和其他可再生能源,不断降低煤炭在能源消费中的比重,另一方面从技术角度制定碳减排政策时应考虑回弹效应,尽量减少能源回弹效应的消极影响。     

长江中游城市群城市创新差异的时空格局演变

以专利申请总量为主要指标,采用地理集中指数和马尔可夫链方法,从时间、空间和地理临近性视角来分析2000~2014年长江中游城市群城市创新差异的时空格局演变。研究结果表明:(1)城市群城市创新差异呈现由高度集中向渐进式分散,由核心城市向外围城市缓慢扩散的演变趋势,出现高水平和低水平趋同俱乐部强化锁定,中低水平趋同俱乐部局部变动的趋势。(2)城市群城市创新类型发生空间转移与城市创新发展水平紧密相关,城市创新发展水平差距越小,发生转移的概率越高;反之,发生转移的概率越低;(3)邻域创新环境影响城市群城市创新差异的演变,地理临近性在低水平、中低水平城市创新类型表现不明显,而在中高水平城市创新类型显著增加。     

大鼠不同脏器亚硫酸氧化酶活性及其与年龄的关系

为了探讨体内亚硫酸氧化酶的分布特点及随年龄的变化规律,以Wistar大鼠为实验材料,研究了不同月龄大鼠脏器中的亚硫酸氧化酶活性.以细胞色素C为电子受体,应用分光光度法测定了不同月龄(1、4、10个月)大鼠肝、肾、肺、脾、脑、胃及胸主动脉中亚硫酸氧化酶的活性.结果表明:1)亚硫酸氧化酶在大鼠全身主要脏器中普遍存在,且在不同脏器中该酶的活性不同,从强到弱的顺序基本表现为:肝、肾>胃>脑>胸主动脉血管>肺>脾;2)肝、肾、血管组织中亚硫酸氧化酶活性与大鼠年龄相关,肝脏亚硫酸氧化酶活性随年龄的增加而增加(Spearman,r=0.674,p<0.001),而肾脏和胸主动脉血管该酶活性随年龄的增加而减小(Spearman,r=-0.756,p<0.001;r=-0.629;p<0.05),其余脏器未见明显变化;3)亚硫酸氧化酶活性降低可能是一种机体衰老的生化标志物.     

Age-related differences in effects of non-driving related tasks on takeover performance in automated driving

Introduction: During SAE level 3 automated driving, the driver’s role changes from active driver to fallback-ready driver. Drowsiness is one of the factors that may degrade driver’s takeover performance. This study aimed to investigate effects of non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) to counter driver’s drowsiness with a Level 3 system activated and to improve successive takeover performance in a critical situation. A special focus was placed on age-related differences in the effects. Method: Participants of three age groups (younger, middle-aged, older) drove the Level 3 system implemented in a high-fidelity motion-based driving simulator for about 30 min under three experiment conditions: without NDRT, while watching a video clip, and while switching between watching a video clip and playing a game. The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and eyeblink duration measured driver drowsiness. At the end of the drive, the drivers had to take over control of the vehicle and manually change the lane to avoid a collision. Reaction time and steering angle variability were measured to evaluate the two aspects of driving performance. Results: For younger drivers, both single and multiple NDRT engagements countered the development of driver drowsiness during automated driving, and their takeover performance was equivalent to or better than their performance without NDRT engagement. For older drivers, NDRT engagement did not affect the development of drowsiness but degraded takeover performance especially under the multiple NDRT engagement condition. The results for middle-aged drivers fell at an intermediate level between those for younger and older drivers. Practical Applications: The present findings do not support general recommendations of NDRT engagement to counter drowsiness during automated driving. This study is especially relevant to the automotive industry’s search for options that will ensure the safest interfaces between human drivers and automation systems.