污染区大气中多氯联苯的表征与分布研究初探

通过采集并分析污染区大气及大气颗粒物中PCBs的含量,揭示了污染区空气中PCBs的残留量,讨论了各样品中PCBs的组成及分布,气相样品中可检出的PCBs总浓度在19 1-641ng·m-3,颗粒物中可检出的PCBs同类物总浓度为0.191-0.373μg·g -1. 并对气相与颗粒物PCBs浓度的关系进行了初步探讨.对同类物分布的研究表明,无论气态还是大气颗粒物中低氯代的PCBs同类物都是其主要成份.     

The influence of the North-Föhn on tracer organic compounds in ambient air PM10 at a pre-alpine site in Northern Italy

The ambient air in Northern Italy is characterised by relatively high PAH and PM₁₀ concentrations in relation to calm wind and intensive temperature inversions, especially during cold periods. These stagnant conditions are occasionally interrupted by North-Föhn events, which cause a drop in relative humidity and an increase in O₃ levels, indicating the mixing of local and free troposphere air flows. In this study the influence of the North-Föhn on concentrations of tracer organic compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PM₁₀, O₃ and black carbon (BC) was studied during a North-Föhn event in November 2007. Large fluctuations in the concentration of these compounds, as well as changes in PM₁₀ composition due to daytime and night-time variations of local source emissions were observed. Although these events occur at low frequencies (6-10%) they can for short periods, strongly affect the regional air quality by quickly decreasing the concentrations of these tracer organic compounds.     

能源结构变化对兰州市大气质量的影响

将2001—2010年的主要能源材料消耗、主要污染物变化及主要行业分布进行了相关性分析,结果表明:兰州市大气4种主要污染物中除烟尘呈下降趋势外,废气总量、SO2、NOx仍呈上升趋势;主要污染源为燃煤,主要污染行业为电力、蒸汽热水产供业;废气和SO2排放总量与燃煤和燃气呈强正相关,而NOx排放只与燃气呈强正相关。建议发挥兰州地域优势,加大以水电供应为主的能源结构调整,对改善当地空气质量有重要价值。     

A national ozone biomonitoring program--results from field surveys of ozone sensitive plants in northeastern forests (1994-2000)

Ozone biomonitoring is a detection and monitoring techniquethat involves documenting ozone-induced visible injury toknown ozone-sensitive species under conditions of ambientexposure. The USDA Forest Service administers a long-term,nationwide ozone biomonitoring program to address public andscientific concerns about ozone impacts on forest health. Asystematic grid is used as the basis for biomonitoring sitelocations. At each site, trained field crews evaluate amaximum of thirty plants of up to six species and record the amount and severity of leaf-injury on individualplants. Injury from ozone was found more often on biomonitoring sites in the eastern Unites States than in theinterior or west-coast areas. Further results from thenortheast reveal that in any year, there is a higherpercentage of ozone-injured plants with more severe symptomsin areas with relatively high ozone concentrations than inareas with relatively low ozone. In very dry years (e.g.,1999) the percentage of injured plants and injury severityestimates are both sharply reduced even though ambient ozoneexposures are high. These findings demonstrate thatbiomonitoring data provide meaningful evidence of when highozone concentrations during the growing season have biologicalsignificance. Any assessment of ozone stress in the forestenvironment must include both biomonitoring (i.e., plantresponse) and air quality data to be complete.     

Particulate emission inventory and trends in ambient particulate matter concentrations in the Czech Republic between 1993 and 1999

Trends in total suspended particulates (TSP) emissioninventories were compared with ambient TSP concentrationsduring the period of 1993-1999 in the Czech Republic. TheTSP annual emission decreased within the period of observationfrom 441 300 to 67 000 of metric tonnes (by 85%). During thesame period a less pronounced downward trend from80.3 g m^-3 to 31.5g m^-3 (decrease by 61%)was noted also for the ambient TSP annual average. Differencebetween the two air quality indicators seems to indicate thatchanges in TSP emission inventories from year to year arebeing to some extent overestimated. Monthly ambientparticulate concentrations did not respond to overall drop inemissions proportionately but were closely associated withmonthly mean temperatures. While in the winter the correlationbetween ambient TSP and temperature was negative, in summerthe correlation between the two variables was positive. Inspring and autumn there was no clear correlation betweentemperature and ambient particulate pollution. The improvementof air quality in the Czech Republic since the economical andpolitical transformation in 1990s is substantial whendemonstrated by emission figures, however, true state ofparticulate pollution expressed by ambient levels requiresfurther attention.     

黄海近岸大气降水中磷溶解度及其影响因素

于2020年6~9月在黄海近岸城市青岛采集31场降水69个样品,分析其中总磷（TP）、溶解态总磷（DTP）及溶解态无机磷（DIP）和有机磷（DOP）,探讨P浓度和溶解度的变化特征及其影响因素.降水中TP浓度为（6.2±1.0）μg/L,DTP浓度为（3.8±0.6）μg/L,P溶解度为（64.8±18.0）%.DTP中以DIP为主,其贡献为（56.5±21.6）%.降水中TP和DTP与降水量呈负幂指数关系,TP清除指数大于DTP.降水量<10mm时,降水对气溶胶P的清除和稀释作用显著影响降水中P浓度,但降水量>40mm时,这种作用对P浓度的影响不大.降水对气溶胶P的清除作用以云下清除为主,占总清除效率的70%~85%.酸化作用显著促进降水中颗粒态P溶解,且无机P溶解效率高于有机P.对降雨量<5mm及>30mm降水,pH值是影响P溶解度的主要因素,降水量和气团来源对P溶解度也有一定影响.当pH值相近时,降水量越大,P溶解度越高;当pH值相近且降水量<5mm时,海洋源贡献越大,P溶解度越高.对降水量5~30mm的降水,P溶解度受到降水量、pH值及气团来源等因素的共同影响.     

Per- and polyfluorinated compounds in house dust and indoor air from northern Norway - a pilot study

Polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are an extremely versatile class of compounds and are used in a variety of consumer applications and products. Recent studies have suggested that PFCs in indoor air and dust could act as sources of human exposure and outdoor air contamination. This study presents method development and analysis of a wide range of PFCs in dust and air using active sampling techniques with commercially available sampling equipment (forensic nozzles with filter housings for dust collection and polyurethane foam (PUF)-XAD₂-PUF sandwich-tubes for air sampling) using both liquid and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The developed method was validated and tested for applicability to analyze dust and air samples at both low and high concentrations (0.5 ng and 25 ng per analyte per air sample, respectively). Samples from private households and an office building were analyzed to explore differences in distribution patterns and concentrations. Perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorodecane sulfonate, perfluoroheptanoate, perfluorooctanoate and perfluorononanoate were observed in all samples of dust from private households, in the range from 1 to 80.1 ng g⁻¹. Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) were the predominant PFCs in indoor air samples with ∑FTOHs ranging between 4.7 and 17.9 ng m⁻³. The concentrations found in the present study are generally lower than those previously reported. This variation may be due to differences associated with geographical locations and lifestyles. However, use of different sampling techniques and strategies among studies can introduce large variations in PFC concentration found, making direct comparisons challenging.     

Air pollution-oriented ecological risk assessment in Xiamen city,China

Urban energy consumption is one of the most important causes of air pollution. Air pollution-oriented ecological risk assessment is of great significance to the promotion of urban environmental protection. This paper focuses on ecological risk in Xiamen city caused by air pollutant discharge from urban energy consumption. The Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning model was used to establish two scenarios of energy consumption in Xiamen city, and based on different scenarios, we estimated urban energy consumption and discharge quantity of air pollutant (DQAP). A box model and an expert scoring method were used to calculate the air pollution burden (APB) of SO₂, NO₂, CO, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and to obtain the probabilities of different air pollution loads. An ecological risk assessment model was developed and utilized to predict Xiamen city’s ecological risks in 2020. The results showed that under an energy-saving scenario, the ecological risks for PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ are high, whereas the ecological risks for CO and PM₁₀ are low. Under a baseline scenario, the ecological risks for PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ are moderate, whereas the ecological risks for CO and PM₁₀ are low. In addition, the APB of SO₂, NO₂, CO, and PM_2.5, but not of PM₁₀, is predicted to rise. In the simulation, energy generation from coal is the main source of air pollution. Although the DQAP from automobiles is not high, it is predicted to rise year-on-year. In summary, the ecological risk due to pollution in Xiamen city is high, and the main pollutants are SO₂, NO₂ and PM_2.5.     

空气质量综合评价的基于熵权的属性识别模型

文章通过将熵值法与属性识别模型相结合,建立了基于熵权的属性识别模型来进行空气质量综合评价,从而避免了权重确定的主观性问题。并结合实际说明了建模过程,得出了更符合实际的评价结果。     

混合堆肥过程中自由空域(FAS)的层次效应及动态变化

城市污泥、猪粪混合堆肥试验表明:升温期和高温期FAS分别为42.3%、26.2%,在这2个堆肥期内堆体上部的FAS明显高于下部,堆体内的空气能满足微生物的需求;降温期FAS为52.4%,堆体上部的FAS高于中部,中部高于下部,FAS呈明显的层次效应;腐熟期FAS为54.7%,FAS的层次效应减弱,堆体上部和中部的通气性明显好于下部.不同堆肥期剖面上下部FAS的差异由大到小分别为:降温期>高温期>后熟期>升温期;堆体内FAS由高到低为:上部>中部>下部.FAS随时间的变化满足二级反应动力学方程.