The significance of domino effect in chemical accidents

A historical survey was performed on 330 accidents involving domino effect, occurred in process/storage plants and in the transportation of hazardous materials; only accidents occurred after 1st-January-1961 have been considered. The main features – geographical location, type of accident, materials involved, origin and causes, consequences, domino sequences – were analyzed, with special consideration to the situation in the developing countries and compared to those from other previous surveys. Among the involved substances, LPG was the most frequent one, followed by liquid hydrocarbons. Process plants (38.5% of cases) and storage areas (33%) were the most common settings; 10.6% of past domino accidents occurred in transfer operations. The ratio between “two-step” and “three-step” domino accidents was found to be 6. A specific analysis of the accidents (84) occurred in the 21st century was performed, comparing them with the total set of accidents. Finally, a set of specific recommendations inferred from the results is provided.     

Fire Management,Managed Relocation,and Land Conservation Options for Long‐Lived Obligate Seeding Plants under Global Changes in Climate,Urbanization, and Fire Regime

Most species face multiple anthropogenic disruptions. Few studies have quantified the cumulative influence of multiple threats on species of conservation concern, and far fewer have quantified the potential relative value of multiple conservation interventions in light of these threats. We linked spatial distribution and population viability models to explore conservation interventions under projected climate change, urbanization, and changes in fire regime on a long‐lived obligate seeding plant species sensitive to high fire frequencies, a dominant plant functional type in many fire‐prone ecosystems, including the biodiversity hotspots of Mediterranean‐type ecosystems. First, we investigated the relative risk of population decline for plant populations in landscapes with and without land protection under an existing habitat conservation plan. Second, we modeled the effectiveness of relocating both seedlings and seeds from a large patch with predicted declines in habitat area to 2 unoccupied recipient patches with increasing habitat area under 2 projected climate change scenarios. Finally, we modeled 8 fire return intervals (FRIs) approximating the outcomes of different management strategies that effectively control fire frequency. Invariably, long‐lived obligate seeding populations remained viable only when FRIs were maintained at or above a minimum level. Land conservation and seedling relocation efforts lessened the impact of climate change and land‐use change on obligate seeding populations to differing degrees depending on the climate change scenario, but neither of these efforts was as generally effective as frequent translocation of seeds. While none of the modeled strategies fully compensated for the effects of land‐use and climate change, an integrative approach managing multiple threats may diminish population declines for species in complex landscapes. Conservation plans designed to mitigate the impacts of a single threat are likely to fail if additional threats are ignored. Manejo de Incendios, Reubicación Administrada y Opciones de Conservación de Suelo para Plantas de Vida Larga con Sembrado Obligado bajo los Cambios Globales en el Clima, la Urbanización y el Régimen de Incendios     

细水雾抑制火旋风的实验研究

应用热成像方法测取了火旋风,发现了火旋风大高度直径比的特有物理现象;将超细水雾作用于火旋风和油池火,应用三维LDV/APV(laserdopplervelocimeter/adaptivephasevelocimeter)系统对火旋风流场进行了测量,发现在相同的雾通量作用下,火旋风能被熄灭,而油池火却不能被灭掉。通过对细水雾作用于火旋风机理的讨论发现,对不同物理形态的火焰,细水雾灭火的有效性不同,从而为细水雾抑制、熄灭火旋风火灾机理的研究提出了一种有效的实验方法。     

西南地区卫星林火监测系统的建立

本文对建立ＧＩＳ支持的ＮＯＡＡ卫星林火监测系统进行了分析．内容包括：监测区ＧＩＳ的形成；ＮＯＡＡ卫星图像叠加经纬度网格；ＧＩＳ与ＮＯＡＡ卫星图像的复合．１９９４年春天，我们对西南林区林火进行了１个多月的实时监测，证明了该系统具有林火分辨率高和定位准确的特点．是一个较为理想的林火监测系统。     

冲突分析在环境领域中的应用

冲突分析是用来分析冲突局势、预测冲突发展、研究、设计冲突处理方案的一门科学。本文根据国内外研究资料，分析了冲突分析在环境领域中的应用，其中对公共设施选址、污染集中治理投资的分摊、允许排污量在各排污口问的公平分配、水资源集中管理、协调度模型处理环境与经济的冲突、跨行政区河流边界水质标准的确定、资源的开发与保护等进行了重点评述，并指出了冲突分析理论中存在的问题、解决的办法和发展方向。     

计划烧除的应用与研究

火作为一个重要的生态因子影响着生态系统的平衡。林火生态是计划烧除的理论基础,讨论作广科学家应用于营林,生态系统的保护和野动物的保护等方面。文中还对林地计划火烧的间隔期和计划划烧除的效果与评价作了阐述,并讨论了计划烧除在应用在存在的问题。     

林火管理经济学的研究与探讨——多种防火要素投入的最佳组合

用经济学的观点分析了多种防火要素投入时的等减灾效益与等成本曲线,研究了多种防火要素之间的相互替代与边际替代率问题,提出了多种防火要素投入时最佳组合的判据。     

城市火险天气等级多因子综合预报法

在“城市火灾中关键气象因子的诊断分析”的基础上,通过权重系数法四季城市火灾率多因子综合预报法,     

电气火灾产生的机理及其对策

火灾是各种灾害中,发生频繁、损失重大的灾种。为此,集中讨论在火灾中占有较大比例的电气火灾;分析研究输电线路产生火灾的机理及其发展规律;特别指出提高全民防火意识,对减少火灾损失、保护人民生命和财产的安全有十分重要的作用