Monitoring bioaccumulation and toxic e ects of hexachlorobenzene using the polyurethane foam unit method in the microbial communities of the Fuhe River,Wuhan

Hexachlorobenzene （HCB） is a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon that was widely used for seed dressing in prevention of fungal growth on crops, and also as a component of fireworks, ammunition, and synthetic rubbers. Because of its resistance to degradation and mobility, HCB is widely distributed throughout the environment and is accumulated through food chains in different ecosystems. In this study, a preliminary investigation was carried out on the bioaccumulation and the toxic effects of HCB in the microbial （protozoan in particular） communities in the Fuhe River, Wuhan, a water body receiving industrial wastewaters containing HCB and other pollutants, using the standardized polyurethane foam units （PFU） method. Field samples were taken from eight stations established along the Fuhe River in January and August 2006. The concentration ratios of HCB in microbial communities and in water were 9.66-18.64, and the microbial communities accumulated 13.29-56.88 μg/L of HCB in January and 0.82-10.25 μg/L HCB in August. Correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between the HCB contents in the microbial assemblage, and the number of species and the diversity index of the protozoan communities. This study demonstrated the applicability of the PFU method in monitoring the effects of HCB on the level of microbial communities.     

基于灰色理论的特种设备安全事故预测研究

应用灰色理论,借助于EXCEL及MATLAB软件工具,并以我国近年实际数据为基础,对我国“十二五”期间特种设备安全事故的绝对死亡人数和万台设备死亡人数进行了预测.结果表明,基于灰色理论的特种设备事故的死亡人数和万台设备死亡人数的模拟值和真实值较吻合,预测模型精度检验为好；预测指标可为特种设备安全政策制订和科学监管决策提供依据及参考.     

Complex chemical communication in the crazy ant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paratrechina longicornis</Emphasis> Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Summary. The formicine ant Paratrechina longicornis is known for its extremely opportunistic foraging behaviour. Only a single trail pheromone source, the rectum, was previously described from this ant. Our detailed examination of this ant’s chemical communication system revealed the presence of at least four sources of pheromones. Rectum, poison sac, and Dufour gland contain orientation components with decreasing effectiveness and persistence (in the sequence mentioned) as well as attractants with increasing effectiveness. Furthermore, the mandibular gland contains repellents, and a releaser of defensive behaviour. This set of various signals of different strength and persistence allows an extraordinary degree of flexibility and efficiency in the collective behaviour of P. longicornis, especially food exploitation, and thus may contribute to this insect’s overall ecological success.     

土壤养分的空间变异性及确定样本容量的研究

从澄城、杨陵两地田块均匀多点采取的土样测定结果表明,土壤有机质、硝态氮、铵态氮和水分具有很大的变异性,这种变异性不仅表现在水平方向,也表现在垂直方向,但不同养分在垂直方向上的变异规律不尽相同。因此,在一定精度要求和误差范围内,相同养分在不同土层中的样品容量也不完全相同。只有根据误差理论确定出每层所需的样品容量,才能保证不同土层间的测定结果具有相互可比性。这一研究结果,对指导合理取样和决定样品容量,准确评价不同土层的养分含量,以及研究养分的动态变化等具有一定的参考价值。     

基于FFTA城市燃气输配系统安全评估探讨

采用故障树分析方法对城市燃气输配系统的故障树模型进行定性和定量失效分析。针对系统的事件发生概率不确定情况,将模糊数学引入到故障树分析方法,给出了输配系统的模糊故障树安全评估方法。计算表明,该方法用于输配系统的安全评估是行之有效的。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Chemistry of groundwater in Gulbarga district, Karnataka, India

Groundwater quality of Gulbarga District is extensively monitored for two years of study period from October 1999 to September 2001. Twenty-five different sampling stations were selected for the study purpose in the city and five selected villages in the district. Gulbarga districts lies in the northern plains of Karnataka State, covers an area of 16,244 km² and lies between 16°-11′ and 17°-19′N latitude and 76°-54′E longitude The study revealed that the water sources in the area are heavily polluted. The major water quality parameters exceeding the permissible limits during all the seasons are total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, alkalinity and MPN (Bacterial count) and other parameters have shown distinctive variation in different stations and season. Most of these parameters are correlated with one another. Statistical analysis of the data is presented.     

基于区间数排序法的农田土壤重金属生态风险分析

将土壤中重金属浓度以区间形式表示,运用土壤重金属生态风险分析模型得出风险区间。为区分风险等级并引入区间数排序法,建立了一种基于不确定性的区间数排序法的土壤重金属污染风险评价模型。运用该模型对不同研究区域土壤重金属生态风险和同一研究区域土壤中不同重金属生态风险进行分析。结果表明,A采样区的风险最大,其区间排序向量为0.275 5,区间向量排序为ABDEC,与内梅罗综合污染指数排序结果一致。区间数排序法考虑到评价过程中的不确定性,避免主观因素的影响。因此,土壤重金属生态风险量化结果更加客观直观,为风险管理提供较为精确的理论依据。     

核算间接冷却水污染当量数的研讨

针对间接冷却水的特点和核算其污染当量数过程中存在的问题,阐述了间接冷却水的界定,水源水的采样监测技术,本底值的扣除以及超标排放的判别等环节的技术要求和注意事项,并就与之密切相关的几个问题进行了讨论,为核算间接冷却水的污染当量提供了一定的参考依据,并建议增加水温排放指标,以切实控制间接冷却水造成的主要污染－热污染。     

两种不同方式培养硝化细菌的比较研究

在全自养(不投加有机碳源)与保持COD∶N=1.7∶1.0(质量比)条件下,研究了硝化细菌的培养生长规律。结果表明,两种培养方式下,硝化率均能达到99%以上,但发展趋势有所不同。全自养时,培养末期亚硝酸盐细菌和硝酸盐细菌个数分别达到了2.5×106、4.5×104 cfu/mL,COD∶N=1.7∶1.0时分别为2.0×106、7.5×104 cfu/mL,处于同一数量级上。扫描电镜(SEM)观察则表明,两种培养方式下微生物均以杆菌和球菌为主,与硝化细菌的特征相符。然而碳源的单一性会使全自养条件下污泥浓度逐渐减小,而保持一定碳氮比时则使污泥浓度逐渐增加,有助于维持系统的稳定。