隧道入口冰雪环境下驾驶员心生理特性研究*

为提高高速公路冰雪环境下隧道入口行车安全水平,探究隧道入口冰雪环境下驾驶员心生理反应特性,依据心生理理论,通过模拟驾驶试验采集驾驶员在冬季晴、雪天气下隧道入口行驶的心率增长率、速度等数据,分析照度变化率、路面摩擦系数、速度对驾驶员心生理的影响规律,明确不同影响因素下隧道入口驾驶员心率增长率变化特征,利用Matlab构建多因素耦合下隧道入口驾驶员心生理反应模型,并设计实车试验验证心生理反应模型有效性。研究结果表明:冰雪环境下隧道入口驾驶员心率增长率紧张阈值为28%,隧道入口冰雪环境下照度变化率安全阈值为51%,心生理反应模型误差小于10%,吻合程度较好。研究结果对提高山区高速公路隧道入口冰雪环境的行车安全性、降低隧道入口事故风险具有重要意义。     

驾驶人危险感知能力影响因素及干预方式综述

为探究外部干预对驾驶人危险感知能力的作用效果,梳理不同理论描述驾驶人危险感知过程,并总结驾驶人危险感知行为机制;然后,从危险感知行为要素出发,分析驾驶风格、驾驶经验、交通环境、驾驶状态对危险感知能力的影响;其次,介绍5种危险感知能力干预方式的研究成果,归纳各方式特点;最后,从干预效果持续性、评价指标、迁移效应等方面总结...     

基于实车驾驶试验的螺旋匝道小客车纵向驾驶行为研究

为明确螺旋匝道(螺旋桥)驾驶操纵行为及车辆状态特征,选取2条桥头立交螺旋匝道和2座螺旋桥,开展小客车实车路试,通过连续采集行驶速度、加速度、踏板力等驾驶数据,分析螺旋匝道(桥)及前后衔接段的纵向驾驶行为特性.结果表明:行驶速度在螺旋匝道范围内基本恒定,并明显高于设计速度,螺旋匝道段的速度分布比主线段更集中,螺旋匝道对驾...     

无线数据传输技术在列车安全监控系统中的应用

笔者将GSM网的无线数据传输技术成功应用到列车安全监控系统中 ,系统监测数据经转储发送系统中转 ,由移动台系统实时、无线传输到基站微机系统 ,通过VC ++语言编制的软件系统实时统计分析数据 ,来监控列车运行状况 ,达到列车安全运行的目标。在列车安全监控系统中 ,不仅实现了数据无线实时传输 ,而且提高了工作效率和减轻了工作强度。在济南铁路局装车试验并广泛使用 ,表明了无线数据传输技术应用到列车安全监控系统中具有较高的可靠性和实用性     

Graduated driver licensing and safer driving

Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) inserts between the leaner permit and full licensure an intermediate or "provisional" license that allows novices to drive unsupervised but subject to provisions intended to reduce the risks that accompany entry into highway traffic. Introduction of GDL has been followed by lowered accident rates, resulting from both limiting exposure of novices to unsafe situations and by helping them to deal with them more safely. Sources of safer driving include extended learning, early intervention, contingent advancement, and multistage instruction. To extend the learning process, most GDL systems lengthen the duration of the learner phase and require a specified level of adult-supervised driving. Results indicate that extended learning can reduce accidents substantially if well structured and highly controlled. Early intervention with novice traffic violators have shown both a general deterrent effect upon novice violators facing suspension and a specific effect upon those who have experienced it. Making advancement to full licensure contingent upon a violation-free record when driving on the provisional license has also evidenced a reduction in accidents and violations during that phase of licensure. Multistage instruction attempts development of advanced skills only after novices have had a chance to master more basic skills. Although this element of GDL has yet to be evaluated, research indicates crash reduction is possible in situations where it does not increase exposure to risk. While the various elements of GDL have demonstrated potential benefit in enhancing the safety of novice drivers, considerable improvement in the nature and enforcement of GDL requirements is needed to realize that potential.     

Parents' views of teen driving risks, the role of parents, and how they plan to manage the risks

PROBLEM: There is limited information about how parents view teen driving risks and intend to handle these risks during the licensing process, and how they will respond to graduated licensing provisions. METHODS: Parents in Connecticut were interviewed when their teens got their learner's permit. The survey was undertaken when the state did not have a midnight restriction or a passenger restriction. RESULTS: Generally, parents were well aware of teen driving risks, thought parents should be thoroughly involved in the licensing process, and plan to be active participants themselves. DISCUSSION: Parents were concerned about the risk of driving after midnight and already restrict that behavior. However, parents do not seem to see or understand the risks of having even one teen passenger in the vehicle. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The views and existing practices of parents need to be taken into account in deciding on the provisions of graduated licensing legislation and how to best ensure acceptance and compliance.     

抽出式通风煤巷掘进过程中粉尘浓度分布规律的数值模拟

根据气固两相流理论，针对矿井掘进工作面的特点，采用计算流体力学的离散相模型（DPM）对掘进工作面通风过程中粉尘浓度进行数值模拟，总结抽出式通风掘进巷道中粉尘浓度的沿程分布及变化规律。     

高速公路疲劳驾驶交通事故的控制

针对我国高速公路疲劳驾驶交通事故频发的现状,结合高速公路行车特点,从驾驶员高速行车的生理心理及高速公路行车环境等方面分析高速公路疲劳驾车交通事故原因。根据交通心理学、安全人机学等原理,提出驾驶者自身控制、运输单位内部管理、宣传和舆论、家庭教导、交通部门服务性诱导、交通管理部门的执法和管理等各个方面提出高速公路疲劳驾驶交通事故的控制措施。     

高速公路交通流实时安全性评价

根据多条高速公路近3年的事故数据及实时交通流数据,分析了高速公路运营安全性的相关影响因素,在此基础上提出了车速变异系数指标及其分级标准,建立了考虑交通流量、平均车速、车速变异系数、天气条件等多因素的高速公路交通流运行风险预测多元模型,并提出了高速公路交通流实时行车风险指数TRI指标,制定了交通流状态实时安全性评价标准,最后给出了高速公路交通流混合交通状态下的实时安全风险评价流程。通过西攀高速公路的交通流实时数据,验证了模型的有效性。     

隧道路段逆反射轮廓标设置技术研究

隧道是高速公路事故多发路段,为了提高隧道路段行车安全性,需为驾驶员提供与一般路段相近的视觉环境,以有效减少由隧道行车环境变化引起的驾驶员判断和操作失误,逆反射技术在提高隧道路段驾驶员视觉舒适性方面具有潜力.为了确定隧道路段轮廓标设计方案,利用Smart-Eye Pro 5.7型眼动仪,对隧道路段逆反射轮廓标设置技术进行试验,获得了不同逆反射轮廓标组合方案的驾驶员视觉数据.结果表明,小型车和大型车驾驶员对逆反射轮廓标设置高度的视觉差异性明显,设置高度约为0.4 m的逆反射轮廓标对小型车驾驶员的视觉环境改善效果最佳,相应地,大型车约为1.0m.从控制隧道内明暗变化的闪频出发,轮廓标间距以15 m左右为宜.为满足驾驶员视觉舒适性要求,应将驾驶员瞳孔直径变化率控制在0.396 ～ 1.302mm/s,据此确定小型车适用的轮廓标反光膜为超强级,大型车为工程级.研究成果在G65高速公路木冲隧道的应用使驾驶员瞳孔直径变化率控制在1.302 mm/s以内,并使同期事故减少了51.8％.