The European Water Framework Directive: Water Quality Classification and Implications to Engineering Planning

The European Water framework directive (WFD) is probably the most important environmental management directive that has been enacted over the last decade in the European Union. The directive aims at achieving an overall good ecological status in all European water bodies. In this article, we discuss the implementation steps of the WFD and their implications for environmental engineering practice while focusing on rivers as the main receiving waters. Arising challenges for engineers and scientists are seen in the quantitative assessment of water quality, where standardized systems are needed to estimate the biological status. This is equally of concern in engineering planning, where the prediction of ecological impacts is required. Studies dealing with both classification and prediction of the ecological water quality are reviewed. Further, the combined emission–water quality approach is discussed. Common understanding of this combined approach is to apply the most stringent of either water quality or emission standard to a certain case. In contrast, for example, the Austrian water act enables the application of only the water quality based approach - at least on a temporary basis.     

中国居民潜在国内出游力的区域差异

运用因子分析法对中国居民潜在国内出游力的区域差异作了分析,得出影响国内居民出游力的因子包括区域经济发展水平与增长能力、区域居民收入和经济发展的外向性、行业从业结构、区域经济发展活力4个主要因子,并利用聚类分析法将中国居民潜在的国内出游力划分为5个层次.     

微生物燃料电池在污水处理中的研究进展

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)利用微生物催化剂将其代谢能直接转化为电能,具有原料广泛、反应条件温和、清洁高效等优点.简述了MFC的工作原理及分类,总结了用于污水处理的MFC的性能及其影响因素.探讨了MFC在实际应用中的瓶颈,并展望其在污水处理中的应用前景.     

Adequacy of Visually Classified Particle Count Statistics From Regional Stream Habitat Surveys1

Abstract: Streamlined sampling procedures must be used to achieve a sufficient sample size with limited resources in studies undertaken to evaluate habitat status and potential management‐related habitat degradation at a regional scale. At the same time, these sampling procedures must achieve sufficient precision to answer science and policy‐relevant questions with an acceptable and statistically quantifiable level of uncertainty. In this paper, we examine precision and sources of error in streambed substrate characterization using data from the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which uses a modified “pebble count” method in which particle sizes are visually estimated rather than measured. While the coarse (2?) size classes used in EMAP have little effect on the precision of estimated geometric mean (D_gm) or median (D₅₀) particle diameter, variable classification bias among observers can contribute as much as 0.3?, or about 15‐20%, to the root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of D_gm or D₅₀ estimates. D_gm and D₅₀ estimates based on EMAP data are nearly equal when fine sediments (<2 mm) are excluded, but otherwise can differ by up to a factor of 2 or more, with D_gm < D₅₀ for gravel‐bed streams. The RMSE of reach‐scale particle size estimates based on visually classified particle count data from EMAP surveys, including variability associated with reoccupying unmarked sample reaches during revisits, is up to five to seven times higher than that reported for traditional measured pebble counts by multiple observers at a plot scale. Nonetheless, a variance partitioning analysis shows that the ratio of among site to revisit variance for several EMAP substrate metrics exceeds 8 for many potential regions of interest, suggesting that the data have adequate precision to be useful in regional assessments of channel morphology, habitat quality, or ecological condition.     

River Styles, a Geomorphic Approach to Catchment Characterization: Implications for River Rehabilitation in Bega Catchment, New South Wales, Australia

Analysis of the character and condition of each river style in Bega catchment, and their downstream patterns, are used to provide a biophysical basis to prioritorize river management strategies. These reach-scale strategies are prioritorized within an integrative catchment framework. Conserving near-intact sections of the catchment is the first priority. Second, those parts of the catchment that have natural recovery potential are targeted. Finally, rehabilitation priorities are considered for highly degraded reaches. At these sites, erosion and sedimentation problems may reflect irreversible changes to river structure.     

Design and Performance of a Channel Reconstruction Project in a Coastal California Gravel-Bed Stream

A 0.9 km-reach of Uvas Creek, California, was reconstructed as a sinuous, meandering channel in November 1995. In February 1996, this new channel washed out. We reviewed project documents to determine the basis for the project design and conducted our own historical geomorphological study to understand the processes operating in the catchment and project reach. The project was designed using a popular stream classification system, based on which the designers assumed that a "C4" channel (a meandering gravel-bed channel) would be stable at the site. Our historical geomorphological analysis showed that the reach had been braided historically, typical of streams draining the Franciscan Formation in the California Coast Ranges, with episodic flows and high sand and gravel transport. After the project washed out, Uvas Creek reestablished an irregular, braided sand-and-gravel channel, although the channel here was narrower than it had been historically, probably due to such factors as incision caused by gravel mining. Our study casts doubt on several assumptions common in many stream restoration projects: that channel stability is always an appropriate goal; that channel forms are determined by flows with return periods of about 1.5 years; that a channel classification system is an easy, appropriate basis for channel design; and that a new channel form can be imposed without addressing the processes that determine channel form.     

广东省清远市PM2.5污染天气分型及污染潜在源区分析

利用2016—2021年清远市逐时空气质量监测数据和相关气象资料,基于统计分析、主观天气分型方法和后向轨迹模式（HYSPLIT）,归纳总结粤北代表城市清远市在不同细颗粒物（PM_2.5 ）污染天气分型下的气象要素特征及污染潜在源区特征,为大气污染精细化防控提供有效参考。结果表明：在日均风速＜2m/s、日均相对湿度为75%～90%、日均气温为18～22℃时的无降水或微量降水天气下,清远市易出现PM_2.5 污染。变性高压脊型、脊后槽前型、冷锋前型、弱冷高压脊型、高压底后部型、台风外围型是造成清远市PM_2.5 污染的典型天气型,其中PM_2.5 重度污染均出现在秋、冬季弱冷高压脊型控制下;变性高压脊型下出现PM_2.5 轻度和中度污染的频率最高;脊后槽前型是清远市春季PM_2.5 污染的主要天气型;冷锋前型、高压底后部型和台风外围型下的PM_2.5 污染程度较轻。加剧清远市PM_2.5 污染的主要气流轨迹为弱偏南气流和南北气流辐合,当弱偏南气流控制时,污染潜在源区主要位于清远市辖区及广州、佛山、东莞、江门等珠三角城市;当南北气流辐合时,潜在源区主要位于清远市南部、韶关及珠三角,南岭山脉阻挡作用削弱了偏北方向长距离输送的PM_2.5 污染。     

Monitoring and estimating the flow conditions and fish presence probability under various flow conditions at reach scale using genetic algorithms and kriging methods

The combination of current velocity and water depth influences stream flow conditions, and fish activities prefer particular flow conditions. This study develops a novel optimal flow classification method for identifying types of stream flow based on the current velocity and the water depth using a genetic algorithm. It is applied to the Datuan stream in northern Taiwan. Fish were sampled and their habitat investigated at the study site during the spring, summer, fall and winter of 2008-2009. The current velocity, water depth and maps of the presence probability of fish were estimated by ordinary and indicator kriging. The optimal classification results were compared with the classification results obtained using the Froude number and empirical methods. The flow classification results demonstrate that the proposed optimal flow classification method that considers depth-velocity and optimally identified criteria for classifying flow types, yields a current velocity and water depth of 0.32 (m/s) and 0.29 (m), respectively, and classifies the flow conditions in the study area as pool, run, riffle and slack. The variography results of the current velocity and the water depth data reveal that seasonal flows are not spatially stationary among seasons in the study area. Kriging methods and a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model (River 2D) with empirical and optimal flow classification methods are more effective than the Froude number method in classifying flow conditions in the study area. The flow condition classifications and probability maps were generated by River 2D, ordinary kriging and indicator kriging, to quantify the flow conditions preferred by Sicyopterus japonicus in the study area. However, the proposed optimal classification method with kriging and River 2D is an effective alternative method for mapping flow conditions and determining the relationship between flow and the presence probability of target fish in support of stream restoration.     

基于多源遥感影像融合的武汉市土地利用分类方法研究

准确高效的获取土地利用信息,对于合理利用和开发土地资源具有十分重要的意义。在快速城镇化地区,土地利用活动频繁且密集,土地利用格局演变十分剧烈,增加了城市土地利用精准分类的不确定性;且受环境气候和云雨天气影响增加了有效光学影像获取的难度。为提高城市土地分类精度,该文选取武汉市中心城区为研究案例,以Sentinel-1A和Landsat8 OLI影像为数据源,采用Gram-Schmidt变换方法进行影像融合,选取最大似然、支持向量机、CART决策树、BP神经网络等4种分类方法对融合的影像进行分类,提取了研究区土地利用信息,并对其进行分析。进一步,通过与光学影像的分类结果对比,探究了Sentinel-1A和Landsat8 OLI融合影像在土地利用信息提取方面是否具有优势。研究结果表明:(1)对比其他3种方法,CART决策树分类方法对于融合后的影像分类精度最高,总体分类精度和Kappa系数分别达到88.55%和0.841 4;(2)与光学影像相比,Sentinel-1A和Landsat8 OLI融合影像可以更有效地获取高精度城市土地利用信息;(3)基于多源遥感影像融合的CART决策树分类方法是获取研究区高精度土地利用信息的一种行之有效的技术手段。研究成果可为快速城镇化区域的土地利用分类提供参考。     

基于土壤标准适宜性评价与环境基准的黔西北高Cd农用地精准管理新思路

我国现行土壤标准 (GB 15618-2018) 在高重金属背景值农用地评价的准确性难以满足地方政府对农用地的精准管理。以黔西北水城区高镉 (Cd) 农用地为例,采集了164组土壤-农产品协同监测样品,系统地探讨了现行标准对农用地评价的适应性,并基于物种敏感分布模型 (SSD) 反推区域农用地环境风险基准值。结果表明,研究区土壤Cd质量分数总体呈高累积特征,而农产品可食部位中Cd质量分数整体偏低。164组样品中有72组适应性分析结果为不适宜,假阴性/阳性错误比率为43.90%。推导所得的土壤风险值临界值 (HC₅) 和警戒值 (HC₉₅) 分别为：水稻 0.7和20.9 mg·kg⁻¹、玉米 2.4和48.5 mg·kg⁻¹、叶菜蔬菜 2.5和151.2 mg·kg⁻¹。基于上述阈值重新评价研究区农用地,其适应性比率整体从56.10%提高至97.60%。本研究结果可为类似高背景值重金属农用地的精准分类和管理提供新思路。