镧改性沸石活性覆盖控制重污染河道底泥溶解性磷酸盐和铵释放研究

通过实验考察了镧改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附性能,并探讨了低溶解氧情况下镧改性沸石覆盖控制底泥溶解性磷酸盐和铵态氮释放的效率.镧改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附动力学过程满足准二级动力学模型.镧改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir等温吸附方程加以描述,对水中铵的吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温吸附方程加以描述.当pH 7时,镧改性沸石吸附水中磷酸盐的机制包括配位体交换、路易斯酸碱反应和静电吸引,吸附水中铵的机制是阳离子交换.镧改性沸石覆盖不仅可以有效地控制溶解性磷酸盐从底泥向上覆水的释放,而且可以明显降低铵态氮从底泥向上覆水迁移的速率.镧改性沸石覆盖量越多,控制底泥铵态氮释放的效果越好.镧改性沸石覆盖层吸附从底泥中释放出来的溶解性磷酸盐后主要以较为稳定的形态存在,低溶解氧情况下不容易重新释放出来.上述结果表明,镧改性沸石适合作为一种覆盖材料用于控制低溶解氧情况下溶解性磷酸盐和铵态氮从底泥向上覆水的释放.     

高岭土负载纳米Fe/Ni同时去除水中Cu2+和NO3-

工业废水常含有不同污染物如重金属离子和无机阴离子,而如何有效去除复合污染物就成为环境科学前沿研究的挑战性课题.这些污染物因化学性质不同而导致去除机理和途径也不同.本文采用合成高岭土负载纳米双金属Fe/Ni(K-Fe/Ni)同步去除水中Cu2+和NO-3.结果表明K-Fe/Ni能有效去除水中Cu2+和NO-3,但它们的去除效果却会相互受到影响.在Cu2+浓度为200mg·L-1时,NO-3的去除率达到42.5%;而未加入Cu2+时,NO-3的去除率仅有26.9%,说明Cu2+的存在提高了NO-3降解效率.同样,水中NO-3的存在也影响Cu2+的去除(Cu2+去除率从99.7%降到96.5%).但NO-3浓度对去除Cu2+的影响小于Cu2+浓度对NO-3的影响.通过BET比表面积、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能量散射(EDS)和X射线光电分析(XPS)对K-Fe/Ni表征的结果显示,反应后K-Fe/Ni的表面存在铁的氧化物、Ni0和被还原的Cu0.基于以上结果,我们发现K-Fe/Ni同步去除水中Cu2+和NO-3的机理是:高岭土负载下的纳米Fe0作为还原剂,在Ni0的催化产氢作用下将Cu2+还原成Cu0并沉积在K-Fe/Ni上而形成纳米Fe/Ni/Cu三金属催化剂,从而加速催化水中NO-3降解.     

Effect of ammonium on nitrous oxide emission during denitrification with different electron donors

Nitrous oxide(N2O) emission during denitrification is receiving intensive attention due to its high potential to cause greenhouse effects.In this study,denitrifiers were acclimated in sequencing batch reactors with methanol or acetate as the electron donor and nitrate as the electron acceptor.The effects of ammonium on N2O emission were examined in batch experiments with various electron donors.With the addition of ammonium,N2O emission increased under all the examined conditions compared to experiments without ammonium addition.With different electron donors,the highest ratio of N2O emission to the removed oxidized nitrogen was 0.70% for methanol,5.34% for acetate,and 34.79% for polyhydroxybutyrate.     

Numerical simulation of alga growth and control in Dalian Bay

WAHMO model was used to simulate the distribution of pollutants in Dalian Bay, China as to predict well as the growth and control of alga. The observed and predicted values of main pollutants showed a good trend at all study locations and the different between them can be ignored. Simulation results illustrated that phosphate was one of limited factors to control algal growth at the location near the sewage outfall, meanwhile, away from the sewage outfall, the synergy of ammonium nitrogen and phosphate was the limited factor.     

Formic acid as an alternative reducing agent for the catalytic nitrate reduction in aqueous media

Formic acid was used for the nitrate reduction as a reductant in the presence of Pd:Cu/γ-alumina catalysts. The surface characteristics of the bimetallic catalyst synthesized by wet impregnation were investigated by SEM, TEM-EDS. The metals were not distributed homogeneously on the surface of catalyst, although the total contents of both metals in particles agreed well with the theoretical values. Formic acid decomposition on the catalyst surface, its influence on solution pH and nitrate removal efficacy was investigated. The best removal of nitrate (50 ppm) was obtained under the condition of 0.75 g/L catalyst with Pd:Cu ratio (4:1) and two fold excess of formic acid. Formic acid decay patterns resembled those of nitrate removal, showing a linear relationship between kf (formic acid decay) and k (nitrate removal). Negligible amount of ammonia was detected, and no nitrite was detected, possibly due to buffering effect of bicarbonate that is in situ produced by the decomposition of formic acid, and due to the sustained release of H2 gas.     

反硝化菌株DA-1的脱氮研究

菌株DA-1被发现能在好氧和厌氧环境中将硝酸盐转化为气态氮。在以NO3-为唯一氮源的条件下研究了碳源、C/N和pH值对菌株DA-1好氧和厌氧反硝化脱氮的影响。结果表明:同等条件下,48 h内菌株DA-1的厌氧脱氮效率高于好氧脱氮率;菌株DA-1能在好氧和厌氧条件下利用乙酸、柠檬酸以及葡萄糖进行细胞增殖和反硝化。在厌氧条件下,三者作为碳源时的反硝化效率分别为(34.04±0.15)%、(22.72±0.32)%和(11.32±0.06)%,均低于好氧条件下的(25.38±0.14)%、(17.52±0.11)%和(8.06±0.01)%。2种条件下均是乙酸为碳源时反硝化效率最高。而丁二酸仅能在厌氧环境中作为电子供体参与反硝化反应。C/N越高越有利于菌株DA-1的厌氧反硝化,当C/N为10时,反硝化效率最高为(35.06±0.19)%。而在好氧条件下,菌株反硝化效率随着C/N的升高,先升高再降低,当C/N为8时,反硝化效率最高;好氧和厌氧脱氮的最适pH值为7.0。体系偏酸或者偏碱都会造成菌株DA-1脱氮效率的降低并出现亚硝酸盐累积。厌氧环境中pH=5.0时累积的亚硝酸盐浓度高达(8.95±2.05)mg/mL。     

2,2′-二硝基联苄生产废水的处理研究

对十六烷基三甲基溴化铵改性凹凸棒土、凹凸棒土负载TiO2采用XRD、FTIR以及TG等手段进行了分析和表征,对比了改性凹凸棒土、活性炭、大孔树脂等不同吸附剂和凹凸棒土负载TiO2对二硝基联苄生产废水的处理效果。结果表明:十六烷基三甲基溴化铵改性凹凸棒土的废水中污染物的去除率比凹凸棒土提高了2.5倍;凹凸棒土负载TiO2在波长λ=254 nm下光照0.5 h,对废水中污染物的去除率是凹凸棒土的2.0倍;投加量为3%活性炭在pH为2.0⁵.0时,对该类废水中污染物的去除率可达80%以上。     

2种生物反硝化法去除地下水中硝酸盐的研究

采用砂柱装置,在实验室研究了自养微生物和异养微生物2种生物反硝化方法对地下水中硝酸盐的去除效果。自养反硝化反应在以硫作为电子供体的硫/石灰石/细沙反应柱中进行,异养反硝化反应在石灰石/细沙反应柱中进行,进水增加乙醇作为外加碳源。实验结果用以比较2种反硝化方法在硝酸盐去除率、微生物反应动力学和反应产物三者的异同。结果表明,自养反硝化反应中NO3--N去除率达95.4%,异养反硝化反应去除率可达99.3%;分别与Monod微生物0级、1/2级和1级反应动力学方程进行拟合,2种反硝化反应均符合1/2级微生物反应动力学,适合用1/2级微生物反应方程描述;在反应结束阶段,自养反硝化主要反应产物SO42-出水浓度低于250mg/L,异养反硝化副产物CH3OO-易成为二次污染源,异养反硝化的反硝化速率明显高于自养反硝化反应。     

阿替洛尔在硝酸根溶液中的光降解研究

以氙灯为模拟太阳光光源,研究了β阻滞剂阿替洛尔(ATL)在硝酸根溶液中的光解,探讨了硝酸根离子浓度、溶液pH值、碳酸氢根离子浓度和腐殖质浓度对ATL光解的影响.结果表明,ATL在不同浓度硝酸根溶液中的光解反应符合准一级动力学规律,增大硝酸根离子浓度促进了ATL的光降解率,当硝酸根离子浓度由0增至5 mmol.L-1时其速率常数由0.002 26min-1增至0.009 4 min-1;酸性或碱性溶液有利于ATL在硝酸根溶液中的光解,碳酸氢根离子浓度对光解无明显影响,而加入Suwannee富里酸(SRFA)对光解产生抑制作用.采用异丙醇作为羟基自由基分子探针检测到.OH存在于ATL光解过程中.采用SPE-LC-MS方法鉴定了ATL在硝酸根溶液中的主要光解产物,并提出了可能的光解途径.     

稀土钇对蚯蚓的急性毒性及蚓体内蓄积研究

文章以蚯蚓为指示生物,分别采用滤纸接触法和自然土壤法研究了稀土元素钇对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应。结果表明,滤纸接触法测得钇对蚯蚓的半数致死浓度LC50为0.18 g/L;土壤法所测LC50值为1.08 g/kg。可见,稀土钇对蚯蚓具有毒性作用,但属低毒级,并且自然土壤法中蚯蚓的半数致死浓度要低于滤纸接触法中的结果。应用ICP-AES分别研究了2种实验方法中钇在蚯蚓体内的富集情况,发现硝酸钇浓度及染毒时间、蚯蚓的死亡率及速度和钇在蚯蚓体内的富集三者存在显著的相关性。