磷酸三丁酯(TBP)对苯酚的络合萃取

基于可逆络合反应的萃取分离方法对极性有机物稀溶液具有高效性和高选择性.本文系统进行了磷酸三丁酯(TBP)对苯酚稀溶液的络合萃取的实验研.负载有机相的红外谱图分析表明,TBP与苯酚通过氢键缔合形成萃合物.以TBP-煤油为萃取剂对工业含酚废水进行了萃取平衡和错流萃取实验.讨论了其应用的可能性及开发新的有效的络合萃取剂的途径.     

Environmental Assessment of Water, Sediment and Plants in the Mankyeong River, ROK

This study was carried out to evaluate water quality, sediment and plant vegetation in eight tributaries of the Mankyeong River for enhancement of natural purification. Among the tributaries, the Iksancheon water had the highest concentration of BOD, T–N and NH₄–N due to inflow of swine wastes from the livestock district. The Yucheon water had the highest level of electrical conductivity and SO ₄ ^2– due to inflow of mis-treated wastewater from industrial districts. The Tabcheon had generally similar concentrations of nitrogen and phosphate to that of the upstream of the Mankyeong River: agricultural activity along the Tabcheon appeared to have little negative influence to the water quality. Among various sediments, concentration of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphate were high in the Iksancheon and the Yucheon due to the livestock wastes and industrial wastes. There were 282 species of plants during summer with 43 aquatic plants, 57 hydrophytes, 178 waterside plants and 4 terrestrial plants. Some plant resources were recommended due to much absorption of nitrogen and phosphate for enhancement of natural purification. C. demersum and H. verticillata were recommended in the submerged aquatic plants, H. dubia, N. indica and N. subinteperrimum in the floating leaf aquatic plants, P. communis, Z. latifolia and T. orientalis in the emerged aquatic plants, C. scutata and P. distichum in the waterside plants.     

紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐淋失特征

利用具有壤中流测定功能的径流小区的定位观测结合土壤剖面硝酸盐累积的动态分析,研究了紫色土坡地硝酸盐淋失特征.结果表明,紫色土坡地硝酸盐呈旱季累积,雨季淋失的特点,而壤中流是紫色土硝酸盐淋失的主要通道.紫色土为土层浅、土壤下伏透水性极弱的紫色泥页岩,同时夏季降雨丰富,壤中流极为发育,2003～2005年壤中流平均流量为169.7mm,占雨季径流量的52.42%,其中,NO3--N含量持续偏高,2003～2005年平均含量高达14.92mg·L-1.3年平均随壤中流淋失的硝态氮达27.98 kg·hm-2,占年施肥量的10.0%,硝酸盐淋失具有季节与年际间差异,淋失负荷主要受壤中流流量影响.紫色土坡地硝酸盐随壤中流大量淋失不仅造成当地浅层地下水硝酸盐污染,而且将加剧长江三峡库区水环境压力.     

Arsenic removal from contaminated soil using phosphoric acid and phosphate

Laboratory batch experiments were conducted to study arsenic （As） removal from a naturally contaminated soil using phosphoric acid （H3PO4） and potassium dihydrogen phosphate （KHEPO4）. Both H3PO4 and KHEPO4 proved to reduce toxicity of the soil in terms of soil As content, attaining more than 20% As removal at a concentration of 200 mmol/L. At the same time, acidification of soil and dissolution of soil components （Ca, Mg, and Si） resulted from using these two extractants, especially H3PO4. The effectiveness of these two extractants could be attributed to the replacement of As by phosphate ions （PO4^3-）. The function of H3PO4 as an acid to dissolve soil components had little effects on As removal. KH2PO4 almost removed as much As as H3PO4, but it did not result in serious damage to soils, indicating that it was a more promising extractant. The results of a kinetic study showed that As removal reached equilibrium after incubation for 360 rain, but dissolution of soil components, especially Mg and Ca, was very rapid. Therefore dissolution of soil components would be inevitable if As was further removed. Elovich model best described the kinetic data of As removal among the four models used in the kinetic study.     

Phototransformation of nitrobenzene in the Songhua River: Kinetics and photoproduct analysis

Nitrobenzene (NB) pollution of the Songhua River caused by an explosion at a petrochemical plant in Jilin City,Jilin Province, China,attracted public concern over the fate of NB in the river.As one of the efforts to predict the fate of residual NB in the river,the kinetics and mechanism of phototransformation of NB in natural water from four sections of the Songhua River were investigated.It was found that photodegradation of NB in water proceeded via pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics under simulated ...     

反硝化细菌对硫酸盐还原菌的竞争抑制研究

以从大庆油田采出水中筛选到的硫酸盐还原菌SRB-2和反硝化细菌DNB-1为目的菌,考察两者之间的竞争抑制关系,以及添加营养物质的种类和浓度对SRB-2数量及产H2S活性的影响。结果表明,当体系中硝酸盐浓度为0.5 g/L或亚硝酸盐浓度为0.1-0.5 g/L时,DNB-1就能够有效降低SRB-2活性,抑制H2S的产生,抑制时间10 d以上,H2S产生可以减少85%以上;当体系中硝酸盐浓度为0.1-0.25 g/L时,在10 d内DNB-1对SRB-2活性和产H2S活性也有较好的抑制效果,H2S产生减少65%左右;亚硝酸盐对SRB-2生长的抑制作用好于硝酸盐。     

典型岩溶地下河流域水体中硝酸盐源解析

地下河是岩溶地区地下水赋存运动的主要场所和重要水源,近年来,硝酸盐污染严重.为解析典型岩溶地下河流域水体中硝酸盐的来源,利用δ~(15)N-NO~-_3、δ~(18)O-NO~-_3和δ~(18)O-H_2O稳定同位素示踪技术开展研究,并通过SIAR稳定同位素模型,对不同污染源的贡献率进行了定量识别,同时阐明了土地利用类型对流域水体硝酸盐分布及来源的影响.结果表明:①降雨/化肥中的氨盐、土壤有机氮和粪肥污水是流域内水体硝酸盐的主要来源;②流域内水体硝酸盐的转化过程主要以硝化作用为主导,水体硝酸盐氮氧同位素初始值未受分馏影响;③基于SIAR模型,不同端元对流域内水体硝酸盐的贡献比例呈季节性差异,化肥、土壤有机氮和粪便污水对丰水期流域内水体硝酸盐的贡献比例分别为57.07%、 34.06%和8.87%;对流域内枯水期水体硝酸盐的贡献比例分别为34.14%、 33.02%和32.84%.     

锆负载颗粒沸石改良底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附行为

通过批量吸附实验考察了锆负载颗粒沸石改良底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附特征,并采用分级提取法分析了被改良底泥中锆负载颗粒沸石所吸附磷酸盐的形态分布特征.结果发现,与Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich模型相比,Langmuir模型可以更好地用于描述改良底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附等温行为.改良底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附动力学过程可以较好地采用准二级动力学模型和Elovich模型加以描述,膜扩散和颗粒内扩散共同构成了缓慢吸附阶段速率的限制步骤.溶液共存的SO_4~(2-)和HCO_3~-降低了改良底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附,而共存的Na~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)却增强了对磷酸盐的吸附,且Ca~(2+)的增强效果大于Mg~(2+),后者的增强效果又大于Na~+和K~+.改良底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力明显强于未改良底泥,前者的最大单位吸附量为336 mg·kg~(-1),明显高于后者的最大单位吸附量(215 mg·kg~(-1)).被改良底泥中锆负载颗粒沸石所吸附的磷酸盐主要以较为稳定的NaOH-P和最为稳定的Res-P形态存在,不容易被重新释放出来.上述的研究结果显示,向底泥中添加锆负载颗粒沸石可以显著增加底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力,锆负载颗粒沸石是一种有希望的可以用于底泥内源磷释放控制的底泥改良剂.     

新型铁铜铝三元复合氧化物除磷性能与机制研究

采用共沉淀法制备了一种新型铁铜铝三元复合氧化物吸附剂,系统研究了其对磷的吸附行为,并对吸附磷前后的吸附剂进行了表征.吸附实验结果表明,铁铜铝三元复合氧化物对磷具有优异的吸附去除效能,Freundlich吸附等温线模型能更好地拟合其对磷的吸附,最大吸附量为62.6 mg·g-1(pH=7.0),显著高于多数文献报道的磷吸附剂;吸附速率较快,吸附动力学更符合Elovich模型;溶液pH对磷吸附有一定影响,随着pH的升高,磷吸附量降低,离子强度则影响不大;共存阴离子对磷吸附具有抑制作用,影响的大小顺序为SiO_3~(2-)SO_4~(2-)CO_3~(2-)Cl~-,而共存阳离子Ca2+和Mg2+则对磷吸附略有促进作用.Zeta电位、红外谱图(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征分析表明,磷在铁铜铝三元复合氧化物表面发生了特性吸附,磷酸根主要通过取代复合氧化物表面的羟基形成内表面络合物而被吸附去除.溶出实验结果表明,当pH在5.0~8.5范围内,Fe~(3+)、Cu~(2+)、Al~(3+)的溶出量均较低.由此可知,铁铜铝三元复合氧化物是一种具有良好应用前景的除磷吸附剂.     

包埋厌氧氨氧化的脱氮特性及其微生物群落结构

采用聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯作为载体,分别以N,N,N,‘N’-四甲基乙二胺（TEMED）,过硫酸钾（KPS）作为促进剂和引发剂,对厌氧氨氧化菌进行包埋固定化.采用正交试验优化包埋条件,得到的最佳条件为：10% PEGDA单体,0.25% KPS,0.5% TEMED,最佳的操作条件为：聚合温度20℃,聚合时间控制在5min左右,菌胶比选取1：1.包埋颗粒的连续流实验表明,颗粒经过短暂的活性恢复后,脱氮效果不断提升,并且对水力负荷的提高有一定的抗冲击能力.扫描电镜（SEM）表明本实验包埋材料具有很好的生物相容性,且具有良好的传质性能.高通量测序显示,稳定运行一段时间后,颗粒内微生物多样性略有减小,厌氧氨氧化功能菌Candidatus Kuenenia占整个微生物体系比例由6.58%上升至9.8%,微生物种群的变化说明了包埋后厌氧氨氧化性能能够得到更大的提升.