Selenium in the Blackfoot, Salt, and Bear River Watersheds

Nine stream sites in the Blackfoot River, Salt River, and Bear River watersheds in southeast Idaho, USA were sampled in May 2001 for water, surficial sediment, aquatic plants, aquatic invertebrates, and fish. Selenium was measured in these aquatic ecosystem components, and a hazard assessment was performed on the data. Water quality characteristics such as pH, hardness, and specific conductance were relatively uniform among the nine sites. Of the aquatic components assessed, water was the least contaminated with selenium because measured concentrations were below the national water quality criterion of 5 g/L at eight of the nine sites. In contrast, selenium was elevated in sediment, aquatic plants, aquatic invertebrates, and fish from several sites, suggesting deposition in sediments and food web cycling through plants and invertebrates. Selenium was elevated to concentrations of concern in fish at eight sites (> 4 g/g in whole body). A hazard assessment of selenium in the aquatic environment suggested a moderate hazard at upper Angus Creek (UAC) and Smoky Creek (SC), and high hazard at Little Blackfoot River (LiB), Blackfoot River gaging station (BGS), State Land Creek (SLC), upper (UGC) and lower Georgetown Creek (LGC), Deer Creek (DC), and Crow Creek (CC). The results of this study indicate that selenium concentrations from the phosphate mining area of southeast Idaho were sufficiently elevated in several ecosystem components to cause adverse effects to aquatic resources in southeastern Idaho.     

活性磷酸盐用标准色列快速测定

利用钒磷酸盐相对稳定的特点,采用一种快速测定活性磷酸盐的方法,标准色列稳定时间选定为5天,测定范围为0 5～5 0mg L,该方法具有标准制作简便,测定快速的特点,特别适合于工程调试现场监测。     

电吸附技术去除水中磷酸盐离子的研究

水体富营养化是世界各国面临的重大环境污染问题.水中的磷酸盐作为水体富营养化的关键因素,如何有效去除日益引起研究者的关注.本研究利用电吸附技术处理水中PO_4~(3-)、HPO_4~(2-)和H_2PO_4~- 3种常见磷酸盐离子,并分析电吸附和脱附的特性及机理.实验得到电吸附处理K_3PO_4时,离子去除率最大,但脱附率最差,这严重影响电吸附电极的再生性.K_3PO_4溶液中存在大量的OH~-,炭电极对KOH产生物理吸附,该吸附类型比电吸附的双电层吸附难脱附.添加少量HCl调节磷酸盐的pH,减少OH~-,将溶液中PO_4~(3-)转化为HPO_4~(2-)和H_2PO_4~-,可以提高电极的脱附率,增加电极的循环使用效率,同时可增加溶液中磷含量的去除率.炭电极电吸附K_3PO_4+HCl溶液时,电极的再生性良好,连续循环四次,离子去除率由28.7%降为26.6%.     

一株穗花狐尾藻内生菌的分离鉴定及其溶磷特征研究

通过组织表面消毒、切面培养和共生培养的方法从健康的穗花狐尾藻植株体内分离获得了一株具有较强溶磷能力的内生菌,系统发育分析和VITEK 2系统鉴定结果表明,内生菌与沙雷氏菌的亲缘关系最近,因此,命名为Serratia sp.SP5.纯培养实验表明,菌株SP5通过产生酸性物质溶磷,在培养96 h后溶磷能力达到最大,溶解性磷酸根的浓度高达269.60 mg·L-1,培养液的p H值下降至4.32.氮源通过降低菌株SP5的产酸能力而间接影响了其对磷的释放能力,菌株SP5溶磷的氮源优先利用顺序为铵根离子硝酸根离子尿素.适宜菌株SP5生长的p H值范围为5~9,酸性条件下菌株的溶磷能力大于碱性条件,而在p H值为7时与对照相比菌株对磷的相对释放量最大.p H值达到9时,菌株无明显溶磷能力.共存高浓度的金属离子时菌株SP5的溶磷效果明显降低,影响程度的大小顺序为MnFeMg.菌株SP5溶磷的最佳碳氮比为35∶1,在相同碳氮比下,不同的碳氮量会明显影响溶磷效果.底泥模拟培养条件下,菌株SP5可通过释放底泥中的闭蓄态磷(O-P)和钙磷(Ca-P)而明显提高水相中的磷酸根离子浓度,与对照相比,底泥中这两种磷形态分别下降了15.21%和34.87%,而水相中溶解性磷酸根离子是对照的1.5~2.0倍.研究结果为研究富营养化水体中磷的生物地球化学过程提供了新的科学数据.     

以SRB颗粒污泥为载体的硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化的启动研究

采用复合式厌氧折流板反应器(HABR),研究先驯化硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)颗粒污泥、再以之为载体进行硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化的启动,通过NH_4~+-N、SO_4~(2-)、COD等指标的变化探讨启动的效能。在7pH8.5、温度为(32±1)℃的条件下,采用低负荷启动方式,以CH_3COONa为有机碳源,通过逐步缩短HRT提高进水负荷来驯化培养硫酸盐还原菌颗粒污泥。结果表明,SO_4~(2-)与COD去除效果逐步达到稳定,最高去除率分别为86.2%和68.8%,S0全程积累并趋于稳定,经过60 d的驯化,SRB颗粒污泥平均粒径达到3 mm,硫酸盐还原反应启动成功。之后以驯化成熟的SRB颗粒污泥为载体,保持COD为50 mg/L,通过提高进水中NH+4-N和SO2-4负荷的方式启动硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化。结果表明,NH_4~+-N和SO_4~(2-)去除效果逐步上升并稳定在50%以上,最高分别达到52.5%与53.7%。硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化成功启动。     

磷酸镁水泥固化放射性核素90Sr的影响因素研究

研究了磷酸镁水泥性能、温度、p H、龄期和沸石掺量对磷酸镁水泥固化体中90Sr浸出率的影响,并采用XRD及扫描电镜探讨了磷酸镁水泥固化体的物相和微观结构.试验结果表明:磷酸镁水泥固化体浸出率随磷酸镁水泥强度的增加而减小;低温条件对磷酸镁水泥固化核素90Sr影响明显;酸性环境中磷酸镁水泥受腐蚀状况严重,浸出率和累计浸出分数相对较高;空气养护7 d成型的磷酸镁水泥固化体强度可达58.9MPa,并具有良好的对核素~(90)Sr固化效果;掺加沸石可以降低磷酸镁水泥固化体浸出率.     

High-performance size exclusion chromatography with a multi-wavelength absorbance detector study on dissolved organic matter characterisation along a water distribution system

This study examined the associations between dissolved organic matter(DOM) characteristics and potential nitrification occurrence in the presence of chloramine along a drinking water distribution system. High-performance size exclusion chromatography(HPSEC) coupled with a multiple wavelength detector(200–280 nm) was employed to characterise DOM by molecular weight distribution, bacterial activity was analysed using flow cytometry, and a package of simple analytical tools, such as dissolved organic carbon, absorbance at 254 nm, nitrate,nitrite, ammonia and total disinfectant residual were also applied and their applicability to indicate water quality changes in distribution systems were also evaluated. Results showed that multi-wavelength HPSEC analysis was useful to provide information about DOM character while changes in molecule weight profiles at wavelengths less than 230 nm were also able to be related to other water quality parameters. Correct selection of the UV wavelengths can be an important factor for providing appropriate indicators associated with different DOM compositions. DOM molecular weight in the range of 0.2–0.5 k Da measured at210 nm correlated positively with oxidised nitrogen concentration(r = 0.99), and the concentrations of active bacterial cells in the distribution system(r = 0.85). Our study also showed that the changes of DOM character and bacterial cells were significant in those sampling points that had decreases in total disinfectant residual. HPSEC-UV measured at210 nm and flow cytometry can detect the changes of low molecular weight of DOM and bacterial levels, respectively, when nitrification occurred within the chloraminated distribution system.     

有机碳源葡萄糖对钝顶螺旋藻生长和硝态氮去除效果的影响研究

利用Zarrouk培养基,通过改变葡萄糖的初始加入量,研究钝顶螺旋藻的生长情况及其对硝态氮的去除效果,探讨其在废水处理中的可行性.结果表明,添加葡萄糖碳源能够促进钝顶螺旋藻的生长,影响其叶绿素和粗蛋白含量,当葡萄糖投加量≥1 g/L时,生长对数期提前,藻液OD560在培养4天时达到稳定,叶绿素和粗蛋白含量培养7天后急剧下降.研究结果还表明,添加葡萄糖碳源有助于提高水中硝态氮的去除率,当硝态钠、葡萄糖投加量均为2.5 g/L,培养5天时,氮素去除率最高,达99.96％,但硝态氮浓度过高时会产生单盐毒害作用.     

反硝化聚磷菌的筛选及脱氮除磷特性

为进一步研究反硝化聚磷菌的机理和性能,对经过SBR反应器富集驯化后的污泥进行实验研究。采用吸磷实验、硝酸盐还原产气实验、革兰氏染色及异染颗粒染色等方法,筛选得到N10、N17和N20 3株菌株;经过16S r DNA的测序鉴定,建立系统发育树,确定3株菌株均为气单胞菌属。绘制3株菌株的生长曲线,并进行厌氧/缺氧和厌氧/好氧静态实验,发现N10和N17菌株在两组实验中均具有较好的脱氮除磷效果,O2和硝酸盐均可作为电子受体;N20菌株仅在厌氧/缺氧实验中表现出脱氮除磷效果,仅可利用硝酸盐作为电子受体。     

厌氧氨氧化工艺的启动及有机物浓度对其影响研究

鉴于反硝化菌与厌氧氨氧化菌具有相似的生理特性,采用CSTR反应器研究了以异养反硝化污泥启动厌氧氨氧化系统的可行性,并考察了其对高氨氮废水的处理潜能。反应器运行170 d后,试验结果表明,此方法可快速培育出具有厌氧氨氧化活性的污泥,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率分别可达99.20%和99.69%。在此基础上考察了有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化性能的影响,结果表明:低浓度(ρ(COD)≤150 mg/L)有机物可促进厌氧氨氧化活性,而高浓度(ρ(COD)≥200 mg/L)有机物抑制厌氧氨氧化进程,该系统最适ρ(COD)/ρ(NH_4~+-N)为2.14,此时NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率分别为99.41%和99.65%。