Overlooked nitrogen-cycling microorganisms in biological wastewater treatment

• AOA and comammox bacteria can be more abundant and active than AOB/NOB at WWTPs. • Coupled DNRA/anammox and NO_x-DAMO/anammox/comammox processes are demonstrated. • Substrate level, SRT and stressors determine the niches of overlooked microbes. • Applications of overlooked microbes in enhancing nitrogen removal are promising. Nitrogen-cycling microorganisms play key roles at the intersection of microbiology and wastewater engineering. In addition to the well-studied ammonia oxidizing bacteria, nitrite oxidizing bacteria, heterotrophic denitrifiers, and anammox bacteria, there are some other N-cycling microorganisms that are less abundant but functionally important in wastewater nitrogen removal. These microbes include, but not limited to ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA), complete ammonia oxidation (comammox) bacteria, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) bacteria, and nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidizing (NO_x-DAMO) microorganisms. In the past decade, the development of high-throughput molecular technologies has enabled the detection, quantification, and characterization of these minor populations. The aim of this review is therefore to synthesize the current knowledge on the distribution, ecological niche, and kinetic properties of these “overlooked” N-cycling microbes at wastewater treatment plants. Their potential applications in novel wastewater nitrogen removal processes are also discussed. A comprehensive understanding of these overlooked N-cycling microbes from microbiology, ecology, and engineering perspectives will facilitate the design and operation of more efficient and sustainable biological nitrogen removal processes.     

亚铵法麦草浆黑液的回收与污染治理新技术的研究

通过对亚铵法麦草浆黑液性质的研究 ,提出了蒸发浓缩 +生物活性有机肥生产的新技术路线 ,并结合生产实践对该技术加以研究、归纳 ,并进行了经济分析。实践证明 ,运用该技术不仅能实现亚铵法麦草浆黑液的回收和污染治理达标 ,而且能为企业带来可观利润 ,使企业走上可持续发展之路。     

磷和硫对空心菜吸收砷的影响

本文通过水培空心菜中砷与磷以及砷与硫配比试验，研究了ＰＯ＾３－４和ＡｓＯ＾３－４以及ＳＯ＾２－４和ＡｓＯ３＾３－４共存对空心菜生长及砷累积的影响。结果表明：５ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１ＰＯ＾３－４或ＳＯ＾２－４时，ＡｓＯ＾３－４显著降低空心菜产量，ＰＯ＾３－４和ＳＯ＾２－４含量提高到３０－１００ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１时，空心菜产量明显提高。．     

有机碳源物对淹水土壤中氮素转化的影响

八周淹水培养试验表明：木质素对土壤矿质氮影响不大，纤维素则影响强烈，而淀粉的影响比纤维素更为强烈持久．硫铵与纤维素或淀粉配施时，氮的固持作用大于矿化作用，在培养期间均没有释放出氮素．在八周时间内．氨基酸态氮趋向增加，表明是微生物对氮素的固持作用；氨基糖态氮占全氮比例很低而且变化不大；其它有机组分氮在短期内的变化没有明显的规律性．     

污水污泥堆肥重金属总量及形态变化

采用高温好氧静态强制通风堆肥工艺,研究了污水污泥与锯末、粉煤灰或磷矿粉按不同比例混合堆肥前后重金属(Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd和As)总量的变化,以及重金属在交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态3种不稳定态和包括有机结合态、残渣态的稳定态含量的变化,同时探讨了粉煤灰和磷矿粉在堆肥过程中所起的钝化效果. 结果表明:该试验可以显著降低污泥中交换态Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd和As的含量,提高其他形态的含量,但不能降低重金属总量;对重金属的作物可利用态含量的降低以及其他形态含量升高的效果来看,试验A最好,试验B和D次之,试验C最差. 粉煤灰和磷矿粉都是良好的钝化剂,在起钝化效果时,其用量并不是越多越好;在与污泥、锯末混合堆肥中,应控制粉煤灰和磷矿粉用量在15%左右,但是粉煤灰的钝化效果优于磷矿粉.      

垃圾渗滤液生物脱氮新途径

介绍了垃圾渗滤液的传统脱氮技术，对短程硝化反硝化、同步硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化的研究作了综述和讨论，并分析了这些新技术的特点以及在垃圾渗滤液脱氮方面的研究和应用前景，指出了厌氧氨氧化是垃圾渗滤液生物脱氮可能的有效方法。     

Autotrophic Biological Denitrification for Complete Removal of Nitrogen from Septic System Wastewater

The overall objective of this research was to develop a reliable, robust, and maintenance-free passive system for biological denitrification in on-site wastewater treatment systems. The process relies on sulfur oxidizing denitrifying bacteria in upflow packed bioreactors. Since this process consumes alkalinity, it is necessary to add a solid-phase buffer that can scavenge the H⁺ as it is generated by the biologically-mediated reaction and arrest the drop in the pH value. This study investigated the use of limestone, marble chips and crushed oyster shell as solid-phase buffers that provide alkalinity. Two bench-scale upflow column reactors and two field-scale bioreactors were constructed and packed with sulfur pellets and an alkalinity source. The pilot scale bioreactors (∼200 L each) were installed at the Massachusetts Alternative Septic System Test Center (MASSTC) in Sandwich, MA. The pilot-scale bioreactors performed better when oyster shell was used as the solid-phase buffer vis-à-vis marble chips. In both (pilot-scale and laboratory-scale) systems, denitrification rates were high with the effluent NO₃ ⁻ —N concentration consistently below 8 mg/L.     

低浓度氨氮废水的厌氧氨氧化研究

采用污泥混合接种的方法,利用UASB反应器进行厌氧氨氧化菌混培物的培养与驯化,反应器连续运行了210d。当含氮模拟废水进水NH3-N浓度和NO2^--N浓度分别为3～5mmol／L和4～6mmol／L时,其最大去除率分别达68．0％和95．1％。扫描电镜结果表明,厌氧氨氧化菌混培物以形状不规则的短杆菌为主。     

从银铅锌废渣中回收硝酸银的研究

介绍了用灼烧、浸取、沉淀、溶转和离子交换等方法,从银铅锌废渣中直接回收硝酸银,收率可达80.12%,AgNO3纯度为99.9%。考察了试料粒度、FeCl3质量浓度、溶液酸度、固液比,反应温度及浸取时间对银浸出率的影响。