三种有机酸对磷酸钙法回收模拟养猪场污水中磷的影响

采用磷酸钙(Calcium Phosphate,CP)结晶法回收模拟养猪场污水中的磷,考察了不同pH值条件下,3种有机酸(柠檬酸、丁二酸和乙酸)对模拟污水中磷去除率的影响,并利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对结晶产物进行了表征.结果表明,CP结晶反应的最佳pH值约为9.5.在相同pH值条件下,柠檬酸对CP结晶反应中磷的去除效率和速率均有显著影响,高浓度柠檬酸能够完全抑制CP结晶反应,导致磷的去除率小于5%.相比之下,丁二酸和乙酸对磷的去除效率和速率影响不明显.3种有机酸对CP结晶产物的形状没有明显影响,所得产物均呈不定形的块状,但产物体积大小会随有机酸浓度升高而明显减小.不同浓度丁二酸和乙酸存在条件下均能得到羟基磷酸钙(Hydroxylapatite,HAP)晶体,但柠檬酸的存在会影响所得产物晶形.     

酸碱回收对粉煤灰合成沸石性能的影响

针对粉煤灰合成沸石合成成本较高及废酸碱外排污染环境的问题,对粉煤灰合成人工沸石工艺中废酸碱回收的可行性及其对合成沸石产品性能的影响进行了试验研究,研究设置3个废酸碱回收利用比例条件(1:1,2:1,3:1),其他合成条件与初始粉煤灰合成沸石完全相同.利用SEM、XRD、BET等技术对合成产品进行表征,结果表明回收酸合成沸石(WAC-ZFA)、回收碱合成沸石(WAL-ZFA)表面存在大量孔隙结构,XRD图谱也存在尖锐的沸石衍射峰,表征结果与粉煤灰合成沸石(ZFA)相似;在BET方面,与ZFA相比,WAC-ZFA有所下降,而WAL-ZFA明显增大;废碱回收比例对合成沸石除氨的效果影响不大,而废酸回收比例对合成沸石除氨的效果影响较明显,综合考虑,建议在实际生产中废酸回收比例宜≤1:1,废碱回收比例宜≤3:1.     

Remediation of nutrient-rich waters using the terrestrial plant, Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.

Effective control of eutrophication is generally established through the reduction of nutrient loading into waterways and water bodies. An economically viable and ecologically sustainable approach to nutrient pollution control could involve the integration of retention ponds, wetlands and greenways into water management systems. Plants not only play an invaluable role in the assimilation and removal of nutrients, but they also support fauna richness and can be aesthetically pleasing. Pandanus amaryllifolius, a tropical terrestrial plant, was found to establish well in hydrophytic conditions and was highly effective in remediating high nutrient levels in an aquatic environment showing 100% removal of NO~-N up to 200 mg/L in 14 days. Phosphate uptake by the plant was less efficient with 64% of the PO4-P removed at the maximum concentration of 100 mg/L at the end of 6 weeks. With its high NO~-N and PO43--P removal efficiency, P. amaryllifolius depleted the nutrient-rich media and markedly contained the natural colonization of algae. The impediment of algal growth led to improvements in the water quality with significant decreases in turbidity, pH and electrical conductivity. In addition, the plants did not show stress symptoms when grown in high nutrient levels as shown by the changes in their biomass, total soluble proteins and chlorophyll accumulation as well as photochemical efficiency. Thus, P. amaryUifolius is a potential candidate for the mitigation of nutrient pollution in phytoremediation systems in the tropics as the plant requires low maintenance, is tolerant to the natural variability of weather conditions and fluctuating hydro-periods, and exhibit good nutrient removal capabilities.     

Effects of cathode potentials and nitrate concentrations on dissimilatory nitrate reductions by Pseudomonas alcaliphila in bioelectrochemical systems

The effects of cathode potentials and initial nitrate concentrations on nitrate reduction in bio- electrochemical systems （BESs） were reported. These factors could partition nitrate reduction between denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium （DNRA）. Pseudomonas alcaliphilastrain MBR utilized an electrode as the sole electron donor and nitrate as the sole electron acceptor. When the cathode potential was set from -0.3 to -I.1 V （vs. Ag/AgC1） at an initial nitrate concentration of 100 mg NO~-N/L, the DNRA electron recovery increased from （10.76 ± 1.6）% to （35.06 ± 0.99）%; the denitrification electron recovery decreased from （63.42 ± 1,32）% to （44.33 ± 1.92）%. When the initial nitrate concentration increased from （29.09 ± 0.24） to （490.97 ± 3.49） mg NO3-N/L at the same potential （-0.9 V）, denitrification electron recovery increased from （5.88 ± 1.08）% to （50.19 ±2.59）%; the DNRA electron recovery declined from （48.79 ±1.32）% to （16.02 ± 1.41）%. The prevalence of DNRA occurred at high ratios of electron donors to acceptors in the BESs and denitrification prevailed against DNRA under a lower ratio of electron donors to acceptors. These results had a potential application value of regulating the transformation of nitrate to N2 or ammonium in BESs for nitrate removal.     

A comparative study and evaluation of sulfamethoxazole adsorption onto organo-montmorillonites

Three organo-montmorillonites were prepared using surfactants, and their adsorption behaviors toward sulfamethoxazole（SMX） were investigated. The surfactants used were cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide（CTMAB）, 3-（N,N-dimethylhexadecylammonio） propane sulfonate（HDAPS） and 1,3-bis（hexadecyldimethylammonio）-propane dibromide（BHDAP）. The properties of the organo-montmorillonites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and N2adsorption–desorption isotherm measurements. Results showed that the interlayer spacing of montmorillonite was increased and the surface area as well as the morphology were changed. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the surfactant loading amount had a great effect on the adsorption of SMX. The adsorption process was p H dependent and the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at p H 3 for HDAPS-Mt, while CTMAB-Mt and BHDAP-Mt showed a high removal efficiency at 3–11. The adsorption capacity increased with the initial SMX concentration and contact time but decreased with increasing solution ionic strength.Kinetic data were best described by the pseudo second-order model. Equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir model, and the Freundlich constant（n） indicated a favorable adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity of SMX was 235.29 mg/g for CTMAB-Mt, 155.28 mg/g for HDAPS-Mt and 242.72 mg/g for BHDAP-Mt. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated to evaluate the spontaneity and endothermic or exothermic nature. The adsorption mechanism was found to be dominated by electrostatic interaction,while hydrophobic interaction played a secondary role.     

Determination of nitrogen reduction levels necessary to reach groundwater quality targets in Slovenia

Within a collaborative project between Slovenian Environment Agency （ARSO） and Research Center Jfilich （FZJ）, nitrogen reduction levels necessary to reach groundwater quality targets in Slovenia were assessed. For this purpose the hydrological model GROWA- DENUZ was coupled with agricultural N balances and applied consistently to the whole territory of Slovenia in a spatial resolution of 100 x 100 m. GROWA was used to determine the water balance in Slovenia for the hydrologic period 1971-2000. Simultaneously, the displaceable N load in soft was assessed from agricultural Slovenian N surpluses for 2011 and the atmospheric N deposition. Subsequently, the DENUZ model was used to assess the nitrate degradation in soil and, in combination with the percolation water rates from the GROWA model, to determine nitrate concentration in the leachate. The areas showing predicted nitrate concentrations in the leachate above the EU groundwater quality standard of 50 mg NO3/L have been identified as priority areas for implementing nitrogen reduction measures. For these ＂hot spot＂ areas DENUZ was used in a backward mode to quantify the maximal permissible nitrogen surplus levels in agriculture to guarantee a nitrate concentration in percolation water below 50 mg NO3/L. Model results indicate that additional N reduction measures should be implemented in priority areas rather than area-covering. Research work will directly support the implementation of the European Union Water Framework Directive in Slovenia, e.g., by using the maximal permissible nitrogen surplus levels as a framework for the derivation of regionally adapted and hence effective nitrogen reduction measures.     

杂质对过硫酸铵热稳定性的影响

为研究常见杂质如水、酸碱、金属、盐及橡胶等物质对过硫酸铵热稳定性的影响,对过硫酸铵及过硫酸铵与不同杂质混合物在空气中的热分解反应和放热特性进行了测试,得到反应热、起始放热温度等热稳定性参数,在此基础上研究其反应动力学,得到表观反应活化能、指前因子等动力学参数,利用Semenov热爆炸模型计算了过硫酸铵及过硫酸铵与不同杂质混合物的自加速分解温度(SADT)。结果表明:杂质的加入使过硫酸铵的热稳定性降低,计算得到过硫酸铵的SADT为155℃,通过对过硫酸铵及过硫酸铵与不同杂质混合物的SADT进行比较,发现上述杂质的加入均能使过硫酸铵的SADT降低,其中水、酸、氢氧化钠加入后过硫酸铵的SADT分别降低至75℃、80℃和75℃。     

牛粪生物炭对水中氨氮的吸附特性

以牛粪生物炭为吸附剂,研究了p H、粒径、投加量、温度和共存阳离子等因素对牛粪生物炭吸附氨氮的影响及吸附特性.结果表明,共存阳离子Na+、Ca2+的存在对牛粪生物炭吸附氨氮有抑制作用,在Na+、Ca2+浓度相同条件下对氨氮吸附影响大小顺序为Na+Ca2+;牛粪生物炭吸附氨氮的最佳初始p H值应在5~8范围;通过对动力学数据进行分析,发现准二级动力学方程(R2=0.967 3)比准一级动力学方程(R2=0.765 9)和Elovich方程(R2=0.724 9)能更好地拟合动力学数据,颗粒内扩散方程拟合结果发现牛粪生物炭对氨氮的吸附包括表面吸附和颗粒内扩散两个过程.吸附等温线拟合发现Freundlich方程(R2=0.976 2)能很好地描述氨氮在牛粪生物炭上的吸附行为.吉布斯自由能变化(ΔGθ)、焓变(ΔHθ)和熵变(ΔSθ)的计算结果表明,牛粪生物炭对氨氮的吸附是自发的吸热过程.     

漓江段地表水体旱季硝酸盐动态变化特征及其来源

2016年9月28日至12月28日期间对漓江段13个断面地表水进行取样,取样频率为半月1次,分析硝酸盐在旱季期间漓江段的时空变化特征,并利用¹⁵ N和¹⁸ O同位素技术分析漓江段硝酸盐的来源.结果表明：①漓江水体中硝酸盐浓度范围为0.46~18.48 mg·L^-1,平均值为6.18 mg·L^-1,对比中国《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749-2006）中规定的硝酸盐浓度（10 mg·L^-1）,旱季漓江水体中硝酸盐污染程度处于较低水平.②9~12月期间漓江各断面处硝酸盐浓度呈现缓慢递增趋势,主要受旱季降雨量、径流量及人类活动强度而变化;硝酸盐浓度自漓江上游至下游表现出"增-减-增"的变化趋势,主要是污染物逐段汇入且汇入量不断增加的结果.③旱季漓江水体中硝酸盐的主要来源为土壤有机氮、人畜粪便和污水排放的混合源,主要来源于居民生活污水、人畜粪便等.④为了更好地保护漓江水质,建议加大城市排污管网的建设、修建小型污水处理设施、提高污水处理率及污水排放标准,加强旅游环境管理和环境保护宣传,提高游客环境保护意识.     

不同接种污泥ABR厌氧氨氧化的启动特征

采用两套相同的厌氧折流板反应器(ABR),分别接种厌氧絮状/颗粒污泥的混合污泥(R1)以及厌氧絮状污泥(R2).采用人工配水配制NH+4-N、NO-2-N负荷54.5~68.0 g·(m3·d)-1,在温度30~35℃,HRT为26 h,p H值7.5±0.5条件下,经过120 d、125 d分别成功启动厌氧氨氧化反应.两个反应器在氮素去除规律上基本相似,均经历了菌体水解期、活性停滞期、活性提高期和稳定运行期等4个阶段.在稳定运行期间,R1、R2反应器中NH+4-N、NO-2-N的平均去除率都高达90%以上,且NH+4-N、NO-2-N的平均去除负荷为57.3~67.9 g·(m3·d)-1,R1在NH+4-N的去除负荷上略高于R2.值得一提的是,90%以上的氮素都在ABR反应器的第一格室被去除.同时,随着水流的方向,污泥的颜色逐渐由少量红棕色、黄褐色向黑色转变,这与氮素去除规律一致.由此表明,接种污泥的不同并未造成ABR厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动规律和污染物去除特征有明显差异.