一种基于SDS溶液高效提取土壤残留Bt蛋白的方法

通过对SDS浓度、孵育温度和孵育时间3种提取条件的研究,建立了一种基于SDS溶液的提取土壤中残留Bt蛋白的方法(简称SDS法).在ρ(SDS)为2 g·L-1、孵育温度为50℃、孵育时间≥4 h条件下,采用SDS法可有效地从不同类型土壤样品中提取残留Bt蛋白,提取效果明显好于碳酸盐法、人造蠕虫肠道蛋白提取液法和PBST(phosphate buffer solution with Tween-20)法.     

不同施肥模式对芋艿产量及菜地土壤中氮素迁移累积的影响

以太湖流域的临安市太湖源镇具有代表性的大田蔬菜地为研究对象,通过9种不同施肥量模式的田间试验,探讨芋艿Colocasia esculenta L．Schoot季蔬菜地速效氮在土壤中的动态变化、剖面垂直分布及累积,了解施肥措施对蔬菜种植的生态及环境影响。各施肥处理均能提高芋艿产量,但增加幅度因施肥措施不同而不同,适量施肥已满足芋艿生长对养分的需求,继续增施对边际产量的增效不明显。在芋艿生长过程中,不同施肥模式下土壤中的铵态氮、硝态氮、速效氮质量分数动态变化的趋势不同;芋艿收获后,硝态氮、铵态氮、速效氮在土壤剖面中质量分数的垂直分布因氮肥投入水平的不同而有所差异;土壤剖面中速效氮的累积量与氮肥投入密切相关;综合评价来看,低量控释肥＋低量化肥是各施肥模式中比较具经济效益、环境效益的合理施肥模式;因而,在实际蔬菜生产中,要适量施用氮肥,适当采用混合施肥模式如低量控释肥＋低量化肥,防止因过量施用氮肥而导致硝态氮的过量累积及其带来的水环境污染等环境问题。     

气相组分对氨吸收同步脱除模拟烟气SO2 和NOx 的影响

在pH值5.9～6.1,吸收液浓度≥1 mol·L-1的条件下,分析了模拟烟气的NOx氧化度、O2和SO2浓度,以及添加液相S(Ⅳ)氧化抑制剂Na2S2O3对SO2、NOx吸收脱除效率的影响.结果表明,氨可高效吸收脱除SO2和NO2,但对NO的吸收脱除效率几乎为0,因此,NO氧化是其吸收脱除NOx的前提.吸收液S(Ⅳ)浓度是影响NO2脱除效率的关键因素,气相O2浓度越高或SO2浓度越低,吸收液S(Ⅳ)浓度降低越快,继而使NO2吸收脱除效率降低越快.通过添加S(Ⅳ)氧化抑制剂S2O23-到吸收液,可在一定程度上抑制其氧化,从而延缓NO2吸收脱除效率的降低.     

反硝化聚磷菌快速富集、培养及其荧光原位杂交技术鉴别

以污水处理厂A2/O厌氧段污泥为种泥,采用膜生物反应器(membrane bio-reactor,MBR)对反硝化聚磷菌(denitrifyingphosphate-removal bacteria,DPB)进行快速富集及培养,并提供一种鉴别方法.试验中以乙酸钠为碳源,并在缺氧段投加一定浓度的硝酸盐,结果表明,在膜组件的高效截留作用下,经过厌氧-好氧和厌氧-缺氧2个阶段的富集培养,35 d内反硝化聚磷菌占全部聚磷菌(phosphate-accumulating organisms)的比例从24%上升到93%.此时系统的脱氮、除磷效率均可保持在90%以上.通过荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)并结合常规测定手段对活性污泥进行鉴别,确定Pseudomonas sp.和Rhodocyclus sp.为主要的优势菌.     

氯化十六烷基吡啶改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附作用

采用阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)对活性炭进行了改性,并通过实验考察了CPC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附作用.结果表明,CPC改性活性炭对水中的硝酸盐具备较好的吸附能力.CPC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附能力明显高于未改性的活性炭.CPC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附能力随着CPC负载量的增加而增加.CPC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附动力学满足准二级动力学模型.CPC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附平衡数据可以较好地采用Langmuir等温吸附模型加以描述.根据Langmuir等温吸附方程,CPC负载量(以活性炭计)为444 mmol·kg-1的改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的最大单位吸附量为16.1 mg·g-1.CPC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附能力随着pH的增加而降低.水中共存的氯离子、硫酸根离子和碳酸氢根离子会抑制CPC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附.升高反应温度略微降低了CPC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附能力.采用1 mol·L-1的NaCl溶液可以使95%左右吸附到CPC改性活性炭上的硝酸盐解吸下来.CPC改性活性炭吸附水中硝酸盐的主要机制是阴离子交换和静电吸引作用.上述实验结果说明,CPC改性活性炭适合作为一种吸附剂用于去除水中的硝酸盐.     

Effect of nitrate concentration on filamentous bulking under low level of dissolved oxygen in an airlift inner circular anoxic-aerobic incorporate reactor

This laboratory research investigated a possible cause of filamentous bulking under low level of dissolved oxygen conditions (dissolved oxygen value in aerobic zone maintained between 0.6-0.8 mgO2 /L) in an airlift inner-circular anoxic-aerobic reactor. During the operating period, it was observed that low nitrate concentrations affected sludge volume index significantly. Unlike the existing hypothesis, the batch tests indicated that filamentous bacteria (mainly Thiothrix sp.) could store nitrate temporarily under carbon restricted conditions. When nitrate concentration was below 4 mg/L, low levels of carbon substrates and dissolved oxygen in the aerobic zone stimulated the nitrate-storing capacity of filaments. When filamentous bacteria riched in nitrate reached the anoxic zone, where they were exposed to high levels of carbon but limited nitrate, they underwent denitrification. However, when nonfilamentous bacteria were exposed to similar conditions, denitrification was restrained due to their intrinsic nitrate limitation. Hence, in order to avoid filamentous bulking, the nitrate concentration in the return sludge (from aerobic zone to the anoxic zone) should be above 4 mg/L, or alternatively, the nitrate load in the anoxic zone should be kept at levels above 2.7 mg NO-3N/g SS.     

Optimization and evaluation of a bottom substrate denitrification tank for nitrate removal from a recirculating aquaculture system

A bottom substrate denitrification tank for a recirculating aquaculture system was developed. The laboratory scale denitrification tank was an 8 L tank (0.04 m2 tank surface area), packed to a depth of 5 cm with a bottom substrate for natural denitrifying bacteria. An aquarium pump was used for gentle water mixing in the tank; the dissolved oxygen in the water was maintained in aerobic conditions (e.g. > 2 mg/L) while anoxic conditions predominated only at the bottom substrate layer. The results showed that, among the four substrates tested (soil, sand, pumice stone and vermiculite), pumice was the most preferable material. Comparing carbon supplementation using methanol and molasses, methanol was chosen as the carbon source because it provided a higher denitrification rate than molasses. When methanol was applied at the optimal COD:N ratio of 5:1, a nitrate removal rate of 4591 ± 133 mg-N/m2 tank bottom area/day was achieved. Finally, nitrate removal using an 80 L denitrification tank was evaluated with a 610 L recirculating tilapia culture system. Nitrate treatment was performed by batch transferring high nitrate water from the nitrification tank into the denitrification tank and mixing with methanol at a COD:N ratio of 5:1. The results from five batches of nitrate treatment revealed that nitrate was successfully removed from water without the accumulation of nitrite and ammonia. The average nitrate removal efficiency was 85.17% and the average denitrification rate of the denitrification tank was 6311 ± 945 mg-N/m2 tank bottom area/day or 126 ± 18 mg-N/L of pumice packing volume/day.     

Autotrophic Biological Denitrification for Complete Removal of Nitrogen from Septic System Wastewater

The overall objective of this research was to develop a reliable, robust, and maintenance-free passive system for biological denitrification in on-site wastewater treatment systems. The process relies on sulfur oxidizing denitrifying bacteria in upflow packed bioreactors. Since this process consumes alkalinity, it is necessary to add a solid-phase buffer that can scavenge the H⁺ as it is generated by the biologically-mediated reaction and arrest the drop in the pH value. This study investigated the use of limestone, marble chips and crushed oyster shell as solid-phase buffers that provide alkalinity. Two bench-scale upflow column reactors and two field-scale bioreactors were constructed and packed with sulfur pellets and an alkalinity source. The pilot scale bioreactors (∼200 L each) were installed at the Massachusetts Alternative Septic System Test Center (MASSTC) in Sandwich, MA. The pilot-scale bioreactors performed better when oyster shell was used as the solid-phase buffer vis-à-vis marble chips. In both (pilot-scale and laboratory-scale) systems, denitrification rates were high with the effluent NO₃ ⁻ —N concentration consistently below 8 mg/L.     

基于SBR-ABR实现PN-SAD耦合工艺的运行与优化调控

采用序批式活性污泥反应器-厌氧折流板反应器(SBR-ABR)组合工艺,构建"部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化反硝化"(PNSAD)反应链实现深度脱氮除碳.设定3种不同的运行工况,工况Ⅰ将SBR出水(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1～1.32)直接接入单隔室ABR厌氧氨氧化系统,发现虽然实现了厌氧氨氧化反应的稳定运行,但联合工艺总氮(TN)去除率低于80%,出水TN约20mg·L~(-1).为在ABR内增加反硝化功能,向ABR反应器第三隔室添加反硝化污泥,于工况Ⅱ将SBR出水接入,发现耦合反应对TN去除率仍偏低若实现深度脱氮需在厌氧氨氧化后段补充碳源.故在工况Ⅲ调控SBR出水(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N=5)与部分原水混合(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N=1.4;C/N=2.5),接入单隔室ABR厌氧氨氧化反硝化系统不仅实现了厌氧氨氧化段基质的良好配比,也为反硝化提供了良好的有机碳源,整个工艺出水COD为50左右,TN在6以下,TN去除率达到95%.在SBR-ABR反应器内构建PN-SAD联合反应为废水深度脱氮除碳提供了理论基础.     

不同培养条件厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥性质及微生物群落结构差异

采用膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)和上升式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器在不同运行条件下培养厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,对比分析颗粒污泥性质和微生物群落的差异性.研究表明接种厌氧氨氧化絮状污泥经过EGSB和UASB反应器运行384 d后,均能实现颗粒化,颗粒污泥平均粒径分别达到1.17 mm和1.21 mm,各范围(0.2、 0.2～1.5、 1.5～3和3 mm)的粒径占比为6.06%、 60.05%、 25.25%和8.64%, 7.40%、 58.90%、 32.04%和1.66%.扫描电镜结果表明不同运行条件下的污泥菌群均以短杆菌、球型菌为主.高通量测序结果表明,Shannon指数EGSB反应器为7.52高于UASB反应器为7.18;变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是两个反应器各阶段污泥的主要菌门,浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)从接种时的3.30%增到第384d的12.30%(EGSB)和13.30%(UASB).EGSB反应器中的主要厌氧氨氧化菌属为Candidatus Brocadia占7.53%,其次为Candidatus Kuenenia属占1.61%;而在UASB反应器中Candidatus Brocadia属和Candidatus Kuenenia属分别占比为3.69%和7.54%,Candidatus Kuenenia是其优势厌氧氨氧化菌属.优势菌群丰度与环境因子变化存在联系,Candidatus Brocadia丰度与上升流速(v)、氮容积去除负荷(NRR)呈正相关而与水力停留时间(HRT)呈负相关,Candidatus Kuenenia与氮负荷去除率(NRE)、NRR、HRT呈正相关,而与v呈负相关.