Enhanced catalytic complete oxidation of 1,2-dichloroethane over mesoporous transition metal-doped γ-Al2O3

High-surface-area mesoprous powders of γ-Al₂O₃ doped with Cu^2 +, Cr^3 +, and V^3 + ions were prepared via a modified sol–gel method and were investigated as catalysts for the oxidation of chlorinated organic compounds. The composites retained high surface areas and pore volumes comparable with those of undoped γ-Al₂O₃ and the presence of the transition metal ions enhanced their surface acidic properties. The catalytic activity of the prepared catalysts in the oxidation of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) was studied in the temperature range of 250–400°C. The catalytic activity and product selectivity were strongly dependent on the presence and the type of dopant ion. While Cu^2 +- and Cr^3 +-containing catalysts showed 100% conversion at 300°C and 350°C, V^3 +-containing catalyst showed considerably lower conversion. Furthermore, while the major products of the reactions over γ-alumina were vinyl chloride (C₂H₃Cl) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) at all temperatures, Cu- and Cr-doped catalysts showed significantly stronger capability for deep oxidation to CO₂.     

Dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction characteristics of paddy soil extract cultures treated with glucose or fatty acids

Dissimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reduction is a universal process with irreplaceable biological and environmental importance in anoxic environments. Our knowledge about Fe(Ⅲ) reduction predominantly comes from pure cultures of dissimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reducing bacteria (DFRB). The objective of this study was to compare the effects of glucose and a selection of short organic acids (citrate, succinate, pyruvate, propionate, acetate, and formate) on Fe(Ⅲ) reduction via the anaerobic culture of three paddy soil solutions with Fe(OH)3 as the sole electron acceptor. The results showed significant differences in Fe(Ⅲ) reduction among the three paddy soil solutions and suhstrate types. Bacteria from the Sichuan paddy soil responded quickly to substrate supply and showed higher Fe(Ⅲ) reducing activity than the other two soil types. Bacteria in the Jiangxi paddy soil culture solution could not use propionate as a source of electrons for Fe(Ⅲ) reduction. Similarly, bacteria in the Jilin paddy soil culture could not use succinate effectively. Pyruvate was readily used by cultures from all three paddy soil solutions, thus indicating that there were some similarities in substrate utilization by bacteria for Fe(Ⅲ) reduction. The use of glucose and citrate as substrate for dissimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reduction indicates important ecological implications for this type of anoxic respiration.     

脱卤球菌纲(Dehalococcodia Class)在有机卤化物生物地球化学循环中的作用

脱卤球菌(Dehalococcoidia,Dia)纲是绿弯菌门下属八大纲之一.迄今为止,脱卤球菌纲中包含3个能进行严格厌氧有机卤化物呼吸的菌属:脱卤拟球菌(Dehalococcoides,Dhc)、脱卤单胞菌(Dehalogenimonas,Dhgm)及尚未正式命名的Candidatus"Dehalobium".当前关于脱卤拟球菌和脱卤单胞菌生理学、生物化学和生态学方面的研究,主要集中在从有机氯污染场地中富集或者分离出来的菌株方面.而越来越多的研究证据表明,能进行有机卤化物呼吸的脱卤球菌纲微生物不仅仅只存在于污染物产地,在各种环境(如海洋、淡水、陆地)中也能经常被检测和鉴定到.但脱卤球菌纲微生物在自然界生态系统中起到的重要作用尚未被完全揭示.本文旨在介绍和讨论被低估且未被充分研究的脱卤球菌纲微生物的生理生态特征及其潜在的生态学功能,从而引起研究人员更广泛的关注,鼓励跨学科研究来揭示这一类特殊微生物在有机卤化物生物地球化学循环中的重要作用.     

不同波长紫外光催化降解活性艳蓝KN-R动力学研究

以蒽醌类染料活性艳蓝KN-R(以下简称KN-R)为对象,以TiO2为光催化剂,实验了不同波段紫外光条件下KN-R的降解过程。结果表明:365 nm和254 nm两种波段对于KN-R的光催化降解过程均符合假一级动力学方程,但是通过对比各初始浓度下活性艳红KN-R的反应速率常数(Kapp)可以发现,在相同紫外灯功率下,短波辐射下的Kapp平均为长波辐射下Kapp的3倍,说明短波紫外更有利于活性艳蓝KN-R的降解。     

氧化铝载体下二氧化氯催化氧化处理印染废水

研究了二氧化氯化学氧化体系和二氧化氯催化氧化体系。实验结果表明:单用二氧化氯化学氧化处理COD为2700mg/L的活性艳红染料配制废水时,最佳反应pH值为10,氧化剂经济用量为800mgClO2/L废水,反应时间为30min,COD去除率可达63%左右,氧化指数(COD削减量∶ClO2投加量)=2.18。当二氧化氯与自制催化剂所组成的催化氧化体系用于对活性艳红染料配制废水的处理时,最佳反应pH值为10左右,氧化剂经济用量为1000mgClO2/L废水,反应时间为90min,COD去除率可达83.4%,氧化指数=2.25。结果表明,二氧化氯催化氧化法是一种新型高效的处理难降解废水的技术,有着广阔的应用前景。     

2-丁烯醛生产废水对厌氧生物处理的毒性

以厌氧颗粒污泥为受试生物、乙酸钠为底物,研究了2-丁烯醛废水的厌氧处理毒性及污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的组成变化.结果表明,2-丁烯醛废水COD￡850mg/L时,厌氧颗粒污泥的比产甲烷活性(SMA)几乎不受影响;当废水COD从2125mg/L提高到4249mg/L时,厌氧颗粒污泥的比产甲烷活性(SMA)从70.5mLCH4/(gVSS·d)降低至9.4mLCH4/(gVSS·d);COD为8499mg/L时,厌氧颗粒污泥的SMA仅为4.7mLCH4/(gVSS·d),且废水中有毒物质表现为杀菌性毒素.随着COD升高,EPS(TOC表征)、多聚糖、蛋白质含量呈现先降低后升高趋势.三维荧光光谱结果显示,不同COD条件下EPS荧光峰数量及位置相同,分别为类酪氨酸荧光峰peak A (λex/λem=275nm/305nm)、类色氨酸荧光峰Peak B (λex/λem=275nm/350nm)、辅酶F420贡献的荧光峰Peak C (λex/λem=415nm/470nm)及类富里酸荧光峰Peak D (λex/λem=335nm/450nm),其中荧光峰peak A和peak B峰强度较强.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯降解过程的单体同位素分析

研究对比了邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）在不同降解过程（水解、UV/H₂O₂光解、直接光解、过硫酸钾光氧化）中的碳、氢同位素组成变化、分馏特征及二维同位素（Δδ²H-Δδ¹³C）的相关性.水解反应中DBP分子产生了显著的碳同位素分馏,未发现氢同位素分馏,而且碳同位素富集因子ε_C为（-2.7±0.4）‰,表明DBP水解时发生C-O键断裂,氢原子不参与反应.而UV/H₂O₂光解和直接光解反应（pH值分别为2、7和10）中,DBP分子呈现了相似的二维同位素相关性Λ值[（9±2）~（11±2）],推测经历了相同的反应过程.过硫酸钾光氧化降解时,明显偏大的Λ值（31±3）说明反应可能发生C-H键断裂.结果表明：二维单体同位素分析（2D-CSIA）技术可以有效区分DBP的水解、光解、光氧化3种不同类型的降解过程,有助于分析其降解路径.     

曝气调节-水解酸化-生物接触氧化工艺处理城镇生活污水

介绍了采用曝气调节-水解酸化-两级生物接触氧化为主的工艺处理城镇生活污水的工程实例。经过调试运行,污水处理系统运行稳定,工艺运行成本低,污染物处理效果好。其中COD、BOD5、SS与氨氮去除率均在85%以上,出水水质优于GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级排放标准。     

Al2O3催化臭氧化处理邻苯二甲酸二甲酯

'Al₂O₃催化剂对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)溶液臭氧化过程的影响结果表明:Al₂O₃可以显著提高臭氧氧化的效果,反应120min后,TOC的去除率从单独臭氧氧化的23.9%提高到55.1%.实验中还考察了制备条件对Al₂O₃催化剂活性的影响并确定了反应的最佳工艺条件.在实验考察的范围内:焙烧温度600℃,Al₂O₃粒径为0.5～1.0mm时催化活性最高;最佳反应工艺条件为:催化剂投加量20g/L,混和气体流速200mL/min,反应温度15℃.通过单独臭氧氧化,单独臭氧氧化后再进行催化剂吸附,催化臭氧化的对比实验证明了Al₂O₃催化剂对体系TOC的去除主要是基于催化作用.     

麦草畏除草剂厌氧降解可生化性测定

苯环由¹⁴C标记合成的麦草畏除草剂,厌氧降解反应至第7天,转化率达64%,有¹⁴C标记的CO₂产生;第16天,转化率达91%,出现一种主要的中间代谢产物,有CH₄产生;第27天,转化率达95%,仍然只有一种主要的中间代谢产物.麦草畏苯环的断裂量仅占总量的2.96%,转化成CO₂的为0.74%,转化成CH₄的为0.11%.在降解27d中,主要中间代谢产物是3,6-二氯水杨酸,占麦草畏总量的92.04%.3,6-二氯水杨酸的苯环没有被打开,可生化性极低,仍然继续污染环境研究结果为控制麦草畏对人体健康危害,进行生物修复工程,提供了重要的参考依据.