厌氧工艺对含铬(Ⅵ)废水处理效果初探

以砂石和活性炭作为填料,自制厌氧生物滤床系统,并对系统进行驯化,发现完成驯化后的稳定系统具有良好的去铬(Ⅵ)能力.废水在系统中经过2 h运行,加入碳源的试验组与不加碳源的对照组的铬(Ⅵ)去除率分别为87.33%和66.31%.恒流泵最佳流量为47 mL/min,外加碳源后,铬(Ⅵ)的浓度由60 mg/L左右降到0.5 mg/L以下,需要4 h,而对照组需要14 h,铬(Ⅵ)浓度由64.66 mg/L提高到 75.53 mg/L时,对本系统负面影响甚微,提高到95.47 mg/L时,系统出水达标所需时间延长到7.5 h.本系统具有耐受一定程度的浓度冲击以及进一步驯化、提高处理负荷的潜力.     

基于秸秆后发酵产沼气的一次发酵时间优化

采用"一次发酵+NaOH处理+二次发酵"工艺,以稻秸为原料,研究一次发酵时间对稻秸沼气发酵的影响.结果表明,一次发酵后的稻秸仍有一定的产气能力,干物质(TS)产气量为28.11～50.73mL/g TS,产气量大小与一次发酵时间成反比;一次发酵后的稻秸经NaOH处理后,稻秸物质结构受到明显破坏,有机物大量溶出,稻秸浸提...     

单级SBR生物膜中全程自养脱氮的研究

研究了具有全程自养脱氮作用的生物膜中无机碳源浓度、pH值、溶解氧(DO)对全程自养脱氮的影响.结果表明,当NaHCO3浓度从1.75g/L上升到2.50g/L时,反应体系中的pH值从7.6～8.0上升到8.8左右,氨氮转化率和总无机氮去除率分别急剧下降到53%和48.8%.在进水氨氮负荷为60g/(m³·d)时,最佳DO应控制在0.5～0.7mg/L,此时氨氮转化率达到90%以上.     

Microprofiles of activated sludge aggregates using microelectrodes in completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) reactor

Microsensor measurements and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis were combined to investigate the microbial populations and activities in a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON). Fed with synthetic wastewater rich in ammonia, the SBR removed 82.5±5.4% of influent nitrogen and a maximum nitrogen-removal rate of 0.52 kgN·m⁻³·d⁻¹ was achieved. The FISH analysis revealed that aerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AerAOB) Nitrosomonas and anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) dominated the community. To quantify the microbial activities inside the sludge aggregates, microprofiles were measured using pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), NH4+, NO2− and NO3− microelectrodes. In the outer layer of sludge aggregates (0–700 μm), nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) showed high activity with 4.1 μmol·cm⁻³·h⁻¹ of maximum nitrate production rate under the condition of DO concentration higher than 3.3 mg·L⁻¹. Maximum AerAOB activity was detected in the middle layer (depths around 1700 μm) where DO concentration was 1.1 mg·L⁻¹. In the inner layer (2200–3500 μm), where DO concentration was below 0.9 mg·L⁻¹, AnAOB activity was detected. We thus showed that information obtained from microscopic views can be helpful in optimizing the SBR performance.     

Performance and bioparticle growth of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) fed with low-strength domestic sewage

We investigated the performance of a 15.3 L capacity anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) toward the treatment of low-strength domestic wastewater. The start-up period of the ABR was finished within approximately 130 days at a temperature below 25°C. The average COD_Cr in the effluent was 165 mg·L^-1, and the corresponding COD_Cr removal efficiency of the ABR was 52.3%. During the third stage (from day 130 to day 233) of ABR operation, the average COD_Cr in the effluent reached 71 mg·L^-1, which meets the secondary discharge requirement of the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 18918-2002, China). Moreover, partial microbial separation was observed along the five ABR compartments through scanning electron microscopic images. The geometric mean diameter of bioparticles in the five compartments increased from 0.050 mm to 0.111, 0.107, 0.104, 0.110, and 0.103 mm during the start-up stage. After operation for 179 days, the corresponding diameters further increased to 0.376, 0.225, 0.253, 0.239, and 0.288 mm, respectively. The fractal dimensions of the bioparticles indicated that these particles have smoother surfaces and more compact structures during ABR operation. Morphological analysis of the bioparticle sections demonstrated that the bioparticles have a pore volume of 30%–55%. The highest porosity was observed for the bioparticles in the second ABR compartment, whereas the lowest fractal dimension of bioparticle section was observed in the fifth compartment.     

游离氨对热水解联合中温厌氧消化处理剩余污泥的影响

热水解预处理强化了污泥厌氧消化过程,但同时增加了微生物受游离氨抑制的风险.对比传统工艺,在有机容积负荷率1.74~4.27gVS/(L·d)条件下,研究了游离氨(FA)对热水解联合中温厌氧消化工艺性能的影响.结果表明,组合工艺甲烷产量较传统反应器提高89%~121%,有机去除率提高1.21~1.46倍.但同时导致系统中游离氨浓度达89~382mgN/L,显著高于传统工艺中37~84mgN/L的范围.游离氨毒性测试显示,传统工艺中FA浓度从43mgN/L升至84mgN/L,没有抑制解乙酸产甲烷途径,而组合工艺中FA升至264mgN/L时,表现出抑制作用,尽管厌氧菌对高浓度FA表现更强的驯化趋势.结合氮负荷试验, FA浓度与基质利用能力,解乙酸产甲烷途径抑制程度和挥发性有机酸积累的关系表明,高有机负荷条件下组合工艺效率可通过控制氮负荷优化.     

常温厌氧MBR中微生物群落结构与膜污染研究

为考察微生物群落结构与膜污染的关系,在常温下运行厌氧膜生物反应器,并应用末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)技术,对膜丝表面微生物群落结构变化进行了研究,同时考察了微生物群落结构变化与反应器中溶解性微生物产物(SMP)、胞外聚合物(EPS)的关系.结果表明:在常温状态下膜污染周期约为18d,CODCr的去除率约为93%,运行效果稳定;微生物代谢产物的浓度随着微生物种群的演替呈逐渐升高的趋势,加速了膜污染进程;膜压(pTM)处于缓慢上升期时,膜丝表面微生物优势菌群为Raoultella、Owenweeksia hongkongensis,膜压(pTM)处于稳定上升期时,膜丝表面的优势菌群演替为 Delftia acidovorans、Halothiobacillus neapolitanus,最后当膜压(pTM)处于快速上升期时,bp78的微生物成为了膜丝表面的顶级群落.膜压(pTM)处于缓慢上升期和稳定上升期时,膜压(pTM)与微生物群落结构的多样性呈显著正相关;膜污染进入快速上升期时,膜丝表面出现了顶级群落,此时微生物群落多样性明显降低且与膜压升高呈弱相关;膜丝表面微生物群落均匀度随着膜压(pTM)的升高呈现出先增高后降低的趋势,膜丝表面微生物群落经历了不断附着,相互竞争至顶级群落出现的演替过程.     

中间覆盖层对厌氧生物反应器填埋场中有机物降解的作用

建立了3组模拟厌氧生物反应器填埋场——R1、R2和R3,其中R1反应器无中间覆盖层,R2和R3反应器分别以矿化垃圾+重质碳酸钙、矿化垃圾+天然沸石为中间覆盖层,以研究不同中间覆盖层对厌氧生物反应器填埋场中有机物降解的作用. 结果表明:以矿化垃圾+重质碳酸钙、矿化垃圾+天然沸石为中间覆盖层时,均能维持反应器中良好的内环境,可促进垃圾和渗滤液中有机物的降解. R1、R2和R3反应器中垃圾的w(VS)(VS为挥发性固体))分别比初始值下降了69.81%、75.06%、73.86%,w(BDM)(BDM为生物可降解组分)分别下降了66.87%、82.86%、75.38%,w(纤维素)分别下降了67.96%、75.41%、72.90%;R1、R2和R3反应器中垃圾渗滤液的ρ(COD_Cr)比最大值分别降低了25.45%、29.72%、23.01%,ρ(BOD₅)分别降低了39.28%、45.66%、46.74%. 表明矿化垃圾+重质碳酸钙为中间覆盖层时,既能接种可降解有机物的微生物,又能提供微生物生长所需的碱度,因此更具优势.      

含固率和接种比对叶菜类蔬菜垃圾厌氧消化的影响

通过叶菜类蔬菜垃圾中温批式厌氧消化实验,比较了含固率(3%、5%、7%)和接种比(1.5、2.5、3.5)对产甲烷效果的联合影响.结果表明,在研究实验参数范围内,含固率越低、接种比越高,越有利于缩短产甲烷反应迟滞期,平均日产甲烷速率越快.经过52d的培养,在含固率为3%、接种比为3.5的工况中,平均日产甲烷速率最快,达到9.5mL/(gVS?d),日最大产甲烷速率最快,达到49.8mL/(gVS?d),最早进入快速产甲烷期.当接种比为3.5时,随着含固率的升高,产甲烷速率下降,迟滞期延长,但单位底物累计产甲烷量增大,含固率7%时单位底物累计净产甲烷量为481mL/gVS.而当接种比为1.5时,含固率为5%和7%的工况均无法启动甲烷化反应,含固率为3%的工况的产气迟滞期达15d.挥发性有机酸的累积抑制甲烷化反应的启动,迟滞期随着液相中有机酸浓度的增加而延长,当有机酸浓度低于1260mg/L,甲烷化反应没有明显的迟滞期.     

延时曝气对常温低氨氮SBR亚硝化影响及恢复

常温条件[(22±1)℃]下,采用SBR反应器,探讨延时曝气对常温低氨氮生活污水亚硝化的影响及寻找一种因延时曝气失稳的亚硝化高效恢复策略.结果表明,延时曝气可为NOB创造一个迅速增殖的有利环境,经23d的延时曝气(延迟时间1h)最终使亚硝化系统失稳;且失稳后仅通过限氧无法实现其恢复,而通过增设1h前置厌氧搅拌并缩短曝气时间控制氨氧化率在50%左右,经过60个周期(20d)实现了亚硝化的恢复.