牛粪对互花米草混合厌氧消化过程的影响研究

以互花米草和牛粪为原料,采用中温（35℃）批式发酵的方式,考察了添加牛粪对互花米草厌氧消化过程的影响.结果表明,互花米草单独发酵时,单位VS产气量为222.61 mL/g,发酵过程出现酸化现象,pH最低为5.60;添加牛粪改善了厌氧微生物的生存环境,提高了系统的缓冲能力,发酵过程未出现酸化现象,pH经短暂下降后很快恢复到7.2～7.5,累积产气量提高了38.83%,互花米草单位VS产气量为309.05 mL/g.混合发酵对消化液中有机酸产量影响不大,但有机酸高峰提前5d出现.FTIR表明,混合发酵促进了微生物对互花米草中易分解有机物的利用.发酵前、后和混合发酵互花米草的结晶度指数cri分别为0.617 6、　0.620 0和0.615 4.     

响应面法优化CANON工艺处理猪场沼液脱氮性能研究

为了得到全程自养脱氮（completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite,CANON）工艺处理猪场沼液脱氮性能的最佳工艺条件,以处理实际猪场沼液的连续流CANON工艺为研究对象,采用BBD响应面法优化其关键运行参数,探究了HRT（水力停留时间）、温度和进水ρ（NH₄+-N）各因素的交互作用.结果表明:①HRT、温度和进水ρ（NH₄+-N）对反应器脱氮效率均有显著影响,且数学模型拟合度良好,各因素对TN、NH₄+-N去除率的影响程度由强到弱依次为进水ρ（NH₄+-N）> HRT >温度.②通过BBD响应面法获得最佳脱氮条件为HRT 1.35 d、温度34.4℃、进水ρ（NH₄+-N）415 mg/L.在接近响应面优化后的条件下进行验证试验,得到出水ρ（NH₄+-N）平均值为74.68 mg/L,NH₄+-N去除率为83.05%;出水ρ（TN）平均值为108.28 mg/L,TN去除率为73.91%,与模型预测值较接近.研究显示,BBD响应面法能在较少的试验次数下检验影响因素之间的交互作用,可科学地优化CANON工艺处理猪场沼液的脱氮性能.      

CANON工艺处理猪场沼液的启动及微生物种群结构分析

在连续流合建式反应器内接种普通活性污泥,以实际猪场沼液作为进水,保持温度为(30±1)℃,控制低溶解氧(DO浓度为(0.5±0.1)mg·L~(-1)),通过分阶段提高氨氮浓度的方式启动CANON(Completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite)工艺,同时采用高通量测序技术对反应器启动前后的微生物种群结构进行分析.结果表明,反应器可在210 d实现成功启动CANON工艺,启动成功后,当猪场沼液进水氨氮浓度为450 mg·L~(-1)时,氨氮和总氮的去除率分别达到69.8%和61.1%;出水(NO_3~--N+NO_2~--N)/ΔNH_4~+接近0.11.同时,CANON工艺启动成功后,微生物种群结构发生了很大的变化:其优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(36.16%)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)(14.22%)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)(11.07%)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)(10.41%)和绿菌门(Chlorobi)(12.82%);与脱氮功能相关的菌属为Candidatus_Brocadia (ANAMMOX菌)、Nitrosomonas(AOB菌)、Comamonadaceae(反硝化菌)和Xanthomonadaceae(反硝化菌)等.     

好氧与电絮凝组合工艺处理糖蜜酒精厌氧出水研究

采用好氧与电絮凝联合工艺处理糖蜜酒精厌氧出水,考察COD和色度的去除效果.首先,采用SBR工艺去除废水中的易降解污染物.结果表明:采用SBR法处理稀释10倍的糖蜜酒精厌氧出水,适宜的水力停留时间为10 h;COD去除率为42％,脱色效果不明显,BOD5/COD由0.54下降到0.09,好氧出水难以生化降解.进一步采用电絮凝法处理好氧出水,并考察了极板间距、初始pH值、电流密度和电解时间等因素对COD去除及脱色效果的影响.结果表明,在极板间距为3 cm、废水pH=7.83(无须调节,最佳pH=6～8)、电流密度为10 mA/cm2、电解时间为30 min的条件下进行电絮凝处理,与稀释10倍的糖蜜酒精厌氧出水相比,COD总去除率可达86％,脱色率达95％.     

温度对ABR反应器处理效果和微生物群落结构的影响

采用厌氧折流板反应器(Anaerobic baffled reactor, ABR)工艺处理模拟养猪场废水,考察低温(15±1)℃、中温(35±1)℃、高温(50±1)℃等3个温度条件对ABR处理效果和微生物群落结构的影响.同时,在水力停留时间HRT为24 h,进水COD为2000 mg·L^-1的条件下,考察了不同温度条件对ABR系统出水COD、pH、挥发性脂肪酸(Volatile fatty acid, VFA)的影响.最后,采用扫描电镜和荧光原位杂交技术(Fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH)分别考察了不同温度条件对污泥微生物形态、种群结构和相对丰度的影响.结果显示,中温条件下系统的COD去除率最高,保持在96%以上,而低温和高温条件下系统的COD去除率均在70%左右;温度变化对反应器内pH值的影响不大;VFA含量在中温条件下最低,表示反应器运行最稳定;FISH结果显示,中温条件下系统真细菌和古细菌的总相对丰度最高,比低温和高温条件下分别高出12%和27%.     

一种未见报道过的厌氧氨氧化微生物的鉴定及其活性分析

采用完全混合连续流反应器,以硝化污泥为种泥进行厌养氨氧化微生物的富集培养,在培养的第40 d就具有了明显的厌氧氨氧化活性,在200d时活性达到2160 mg·g-1·d-1(NH4 -N,以VSS计).采用分子生物学手段对培养得到的微生物进行鉴定,确定其为一种尚未被报道的可进行厌氧氨氧化反应的细菌.实验证明培养得到的厌氧氨氧化微生物是以NO2--N为电子受体进行反应,NO3--N不能直接被该厌氧氨氧化微生物利用;反应的适宜pH范围为7～8左右;无机碳源对其厌氧氨氧化活性有很大的影响,在缺少无机碳源时活性几乎被完全抑制.     

Effect of vegetation of transgenic Bt rice lines and their straw amendment on soil enzymes, respiration, functional diversity and community structure of soil microorganisms under field conditions

With the development of transgenic crops, there is an increasing concern about the possible adverse effects of their vegetation and residues on soil environmental quality. This study was carried out to evaluate the possible effects of the vegetation of transgenic Bt rice lines Huachi B6 (HC) and TT51 (TT) followed by the return of their straw to the soil on soil enzymes (catalase, urease, neutral phosphatase and invertase), anaerobic respiration activity, microbial utilization of carbon substrates and community structure, under field conditions. The results indicated that the vegetation of the two transgenic rice lines (HC and TT) and return of their straw had few adverse effects on soil enzymes and anaerobic respiration activity compared to their parent and distant parent, although some transient differences were observed. The vegetation and subsequent straw amendment of Bt rice HC and TT did not appear to have a harmful effect on the richness, evenness and community structure of soil microorganisms. No different pattern of impact due to plant species was found between HC and TT. It could be concluded that the vegetation of transgenic Bt rice lines and the return of their straw as organic fertilizer may not alter soil microbe-mediated functions.     

鞍山市污水处理厂污泥处置现状及利用途径分析

针对鞍山市污水处理厂污泥处置现状,分析论述鞍山市现有污泥处置方法对环境的污染及危害,并提出污泥处置的合理化建议。     

Fe~0-厌氧微生物体系处理活性艳蓝X-BR的试验研究

采用零价铁(Fe0)-厌氧微生物处理体系,以蒽醌染料活性艳蓝X-BR为处理对象,通过摇床试验研究了Fe0投加量、pH值等因素对染料脱色的影响,并对比了该染料在3种不同处理体系中的脱色效果.结果表明,在Fe0-厌氧微生物体系中,Fe0投加量和pH值均存在最适宜值,当两者分别控制在400mg/L和7,染料初始浓度和反应时间分别为100mg/L和68h时,该体系脱色率可达到90%以上;与相同反应条件下的纯Fe0、纯厌氧微生物体系相比,该体系的脱色率提高近40%.根据紫外-可见光谱分析,Fe0可有效促进厌氧微生物对X-BR及其中间产物的降解,实现完全脱色.其脱色符合准一级动力学,当染料初始浓度由50mg/L增至800mg/L时,反应速率常数k值由0.0470h-1降至0.0102h-1.     

Identical full-scale biogas-lift reactors (BLRs) with anaerobic granular sludge and residual activated sludge for brewery wastewater treatment and kinetic modeling

Two identical full-scale biogas-lift reactors treating brewery wastewater were inoculated with different types of sludge to compare their operational conditions, sludge characteristics, and kinetic models at a mesophilic temperature. One reactor （R1） started up with anaerobic granular sludge in 12 weeks and obtained a continuously average organic loading rate （OLR） of 7.4 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（m3.day）, COD removal efficiency of 80%, and effluent COD of 450 mg/L. The other reactor （R2） started up with residual activated sludge in 30 weeks and granulation accomplished when the reactor reached an average OLR of 8.3 kg COD/（m^3·day）, COD removal efficiency of 90%, and effluent COD of 240 mg/L. Differences in sludge characteristics,biogas compositions, and biogas- lift processes may be accounted for the superior efficiency of the treatment performance of R2 over R1. Grau second-order and modified StoverKincannon models based on influent and effluent concentrations as well as hydraulic retention time were successfully used to develop kinetic parameters of the experimental data with high correlation coefficients （R2 〉 0.95）, which further showed that R2 had higher treatment performance than R1. These results demonstrated that residual activated sludge could be used effectively instead of anaerobic granular sludge despite the need for a longer time.