螺旋对称流厌氧膜生物反应器的运行及优化

通过对螺旋对称流厌氧反应器(SSSAB)外置平板膜组件形成了螺旋对称流厌氧膜生物反应器(SSS-AnMBR).研究了SSS-AnMBR的启动阶段和有无沼气曝气时的运行性能,并建立了其设计与操作优化模型.在启动过程中,反应器内挥发性脂肪酸与碱度的比值为0.001~0.016,未发生酸化现象,后期反应器对化学需氧量(COD)的去除率稳定在90.27%~95.35%.有沼气曝气状态下SSS-An MBR的有机负荷和COD去除率分别为2.28 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)和98.24%,均高于无沼气曝气状态下的2.13 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)和97.58%,表明系统的污染物去除效能较好.有沼气曝气状态下膜组件的平均负荷、平均COD去除率和SSS-An MBR平均总COD去除率的CV值分别为21.98%、14.15%和0.78%,均低于无沼气曝气状态下的25.27%、21.98%和0.89%,表明该状态下系统稳定性较好.最后建立了厌氧反应器体积(V)、进水流量(Q)和进水COD(X)三者之间的数学模型:V/Q=HRT0/C_(inf)×η_(sss)(X-Cinf)+HRT_0,以及膜面积A与Q之间的数学模型:A=Q×C_(sss)×η_m/MLR,可指导同类型的厌氧膜生物反应器的设计和操作优化.     

厌氧段-人工湿地处理污水高效稳定机理研究

针对农村生活污水中悬浮物(SS)影响人工湿地运行稳定性问题,该研究在人工湿地前增加折流板厌氧池形成厌氧段-人工湿地污水处理系统.为期36个月的生产性试验研究结果表明,常温下厌氧段对SS的去除率约80%,整套系统对COD、TN、TP去除率分别为80.95%、85.12%、68.15%;低温下系统对COD、TN、TP去除率...     

Hydraulic characteristics of an anaerobic baffled reactor as onsite wastewater treatment system

The feasibility of using anaerobic baffled reactor(ABR)as onsite wastewater treatment system was discussed.The ABR consisted of one sedimentation chamber and three up-flow chambers in series was experimented under different peak flow factors(PFF of 1 to 6),superficial gas velocities(between 0.6 and 3.1 cm/hr)and hydraulic retention times(HRT)(24,36 and 48 hr).Residence time distribution(RTD)analyses were carried out to investigate the hydraulic characteristics of the ABR.It was found that the PFF resulted in hydraulic dead space.The dead space did not exceed 13% at PFF of 1,2 and 4 while there was 2-fold increase(26%)at PFF of 6.Superficial gas velocities did not result in more(biological)dead space.The mixing pattern of ABR tended to be a completelymixed reactor when PFF increased.Superficial gas velocities did not affect mixing pattern.The effects of PFF on mixing pattern could be minimized by higher HRT(48 hr).The tank-in-series(TIS)model(N=4)was suitable to describe the hydraulic behaviour of the studied system.The HRT of 48 hr was able to maintain the mixing pattern under different flow patterns,introducing satisfactory hydraulic efficiency.Chemical oxygen demand(COD)and total suspended solids(TSS)removals under all flow patterns were achieved more than 85% and 90%,respectively.The standard deviation of effluent COD and TSS concentration did not exceed 15 mg/L.     

Fe~0-厌氧微生物体系处理活性艳蓝X-BR的试验研究

采用零价铁(Fe0)-厌氧微生物处理体系,以蒽醌染料活性艳蓝X-BR为处理对象,通过摇床试验研究了Fe0投加量、pH值等因素对染料脱色的影响,并对比了该染料在3种不同处理体系中的脱色效果.结果表明,在Fe0-厌氧微生物体系中,Fe0投加量和pH值均存在最适宜值,当两者分别控制在400mg/L和7,染料初始浓度和反应时间分别为100mg/L和68h时,该体系脱色率可达到90%以上;与相同反应条件下的纯Fe0、纯厌氧微生物体系相比,该体系的脱色率提高近40%.根据紫外-可见光谱分析,Fe0可有效促进厌氧微生物对X-BR及其中间产物的降解,实现完全脱色.其脱色符合准一级动力学,当染料初始浓度由50mg/L增至800mg/L时,反应速率常数k值由0.0470h-1降至0.0102h-1.     

Identical full-scale biogas-lift reactors (BLRs) with anaerobic granular sludge and residual activated sludge for brewery wastewater treatment and kinetic modeling

Two identical full-scale biogas-lift reactors treating brewery wastewater were inoculated with different types of sludge to compare their operational conditions, sludge characteristics, and kinetic models at a mesophilic temperature. One reactor （R1） started up with anaerobic granular sludge in 12 weeks and obtained a continuously average organic loading rate （OLR） of 7.4 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（m3.day）, COD removal efficiency of 80%, and effluent COD of 450 mg/L. The other reactor （R2） started up with residual activated sludge in 30 weeks and granulation accomplished when the reactor reached an average OLR of 8.3 kg COD/（m^3·day）, COD removal efficiency of 90%, and effluent COD of 240 mg/L. Differences in sludge characteristics,biogas compositions, and biogas- lift processes may be accounted for the superior efficiency of the treatment performance of R2 over R1. Grau second-order and modified StoverKincannon models based on influent and effluent concentrations as well as hydraulic retention time were successfully used to develop kinetic parameters of the experimental data with high correlation coefficients （R2 〉 0.95）, which further showed that R2 had higher treatment performance than R1. These results demonstrated that residual activated sludge could be used effectively instead of anaerobic granular sludge despite the need for a longer time.     

有机垃圾填埋过程产甲烷量化模型研究

垃圾填埋场产生大量甲烷,收集这些甲烷不仅可减少温室气体排放,并且可将其作为能源利用,而填埋场甲烷产量的预测是其利用过程中的首要环节. 笔者介绍并分析了现有几种有关垃圾填埋场甲烷产量预测模型的不足;并从可降解有机组分的厌氧降解机理出发,对降解主要反应方程进行量化,由此推导出产甲烷量化模型. 结果表明:每kg动物、植物、纸类和木竹类垃圾(净垃圾)分别可产生0.578,0.331,0.270和0.319 kg甲烷;在此基础上,推导出有机垃圾填埋过程产甲烷量化预测模型,验证结果显示,该模型预测结果可靠,且结构简单、参数较少、易于量化,由于在计算过程中舍弃了其他不可降解组分的含碳量,因而比现有模型更加精准.      

高浓度有机废水二相厌氧消化过程特性研究

以填充床生物膜酸化反应器与上流式污泥床反应器（UASB）甲烷化反应器组成的二相厌氧消化装置处理高浓度啤酒废水或合成废水,最大处理能力为32～35kgCOD/d·m³。提出了二相工艺高负荷运行时最低必需酸化率的概念。进水浓度5000mgCOD/L,容积负荷30kgCOD/d·m³时,最低酸化率为28％。对主要操作参数的灵敏度分析表明,操作负荷、酸化率和进水碱度是影响COD去除率的主要操作参数。对二相厌氧消化系统中影响反应器内微生物群系的生态平衡、微生物本征活性和反应器宏观行为的主要因素进行了分类和综合讨论。     

硝酸盐对土壤反硝化活性及蒽厌氧降解的影响

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)在土壤中的反硝化降解是其厌氧去除的重要途径之一,但严格厌氧条件下反硝化电子受体(硝酸盐)对土壤反硝化活性及PAHs降解影响的报道还不多见.通过添加硝酸盐和蒽的厌氧微宇宙培养实验,探讨厌氧条件下硝酸盐对土壤蒽的厌氧降解及反硝化活性的影响.设置了不添加(N0)和添加硝酸盐(N30:30mg·kg~(-1))的两组处理,每组处理分别含3个蒽浓度(A0:0 mg·kg~(-1)、A15:15 mg·kg~(-1)、A30:30 mg·kg~(-1)),共6个处理(N_0A_0、N_0A_(15)、N_0A_(30)、N_(30)A_0、N_(30)A_(15)、N_(30)A_(30)).厌氧条件下25℃黑暗培养45 d,并于第3、7、15及45 d测定土壤N2O和CO2的产生速率、反硝化相关功能基因(nar G、nir K、nir S)丰度及蒽含量.结果表明,在培养第3 d检测到较强的反硝化活性,且硝酸盐及蒽均能显著促进土壤的反硝化酶活性.随着培养时间的延续,各处理中土壤反硝化活性急剧下降,蒽对土壤反硝化活性却表现出明显的抑制作用.方差分析的结果也表明,硝酸盐、蒽及其交互作用均能显著影响土壤的反硝化活性.3种反硝化功能基因中,只有narG和nirS基因的丰度在培养期间呈现逐渐升高的趋势,且它们能够受到硝酸盐、蒽及其交互作用的显著影响.厌氧条件下土壤蒽的最终去除率在33.83%~55.01%之间,添加硝酸盐对土壤蒽的去除率和降解速率均无显著影响,但高蒽含量(N_0A_(30)、N_(30)A_(30))处理的降解速率显著高于低蒽含量(N_0A_(15)、N_(30)A_(15))处理(P0.05).综上,硝酸盐的添加能显著影响土壤的反硝化活性及与反硝化相关的narG和nirS基因的丰度,但对土壤蒽的厌氧降解无显著影响.     

基于氨氮,硝氮及乙酸条件下Anammox菌的培养

为探讨Anammox菌在氨氮、硝氮及乙酸条件下的富集特性,采用某城市污水处理厂A²/O系统中的生物填料作为MBBR的载体直接启动并运行.结果表明,在NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N及乙酸为基质的培养条件下,Anammox菌可在部分反硝化和厌氧氨氧化协同作用下快速富集.经过130d的富集培养,MBBR处理负荷（以N计）达到920.79mg/（m²·d）,Anammox活性（以NH₄⁺-N计）达到3 018.19mg/（m²·d）.高通量结果显示,经富集培养后,Ca.Brocadia占比从0.89%增至27.80%,为Anammox菌的主导菌属;Thauera占比从0.01%增至6.75%,Flavobacterium占比从0.29%增至11.72%,为部分反硝化菌的主导菌属.     

厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)在高浓度工业废水处理中的应用

介绍了一种新型的用于高浓度有机废水处理的EGSB反应器 ,该反应器的工艺特点包括反应器内部的生物相的分层 ,颗粒污泥的变速膨胀 ,以及高效的三相分离装置等。该反应器最高CODCr容积负荷可达到 2 5kg m3·d以上 ,最高进水CODCr浓度可达 30 0 0 0mg L以上。并介绍了几个应用该工艺的具有代表性的工程实例。