北京晴天紫外辐射的传输、损失及其长期变化

基于北京1990年晴天太阳辐射和气象观测资料的分析,考虑了影响紫外辐射(UV)的主要因子——臭氧、光化学、散射等对UV能量的吸收、利用和散射作用,发展了晴天UV的经验模式.研究表明,1990和1991年UV计算值与UV测量值吻合较好,二者相对偏差的平均值分别为3.68％、3.83％.利用此经验模式计算了大气上界的UV,计算结果较为合理.采用经验模式及考虑太阳活动、轨道参数、大气成分等因素的订正,计算了北京1979-1998年晴天的UV,其表现为下降趋势,年均下降率为0.20％.1979-1998年晴天,受臭氧、光化学和散射等因子影响,损失于大气中的各个UV能量都表现出增长趋势,年增长率分别为6.93％、7.56％、7.13％;损失于大气的UV能量以吸收和利用作用为主,并表现为冬季最大的特征.     

Visual Costs of the Inhomogeneity of Luminance and Contrast by Viewing LCD-TFT Screens Off-Axis

In this study the anisotropic characteristics of TFT-LCD (Thin-Film-Transistor- Liquid Crystal Display) screens were examined. Anisotropy occurs as the distribution of luminance and contrast changes over the screen surface due to different viewing angles. On the basis of detailed photometric measurements the detection performance in a visual reaction task was measured in different viewing conditions. Viewing angle (0°, frontal view; 30°, off-axis; 50°, off-axis) as well as ambient lighting (a dark or illuminated room) were varied. Reaction times and accuracy of detection performance were recorded. Results showed TFT’s anisotropy to be a crucial factor deteriorating performance. With an increasing viewing angle performance decreased. It is concluded that TFT’s anisotropy is a limiting factor for overall suitability and usefulness of this new display technology.     

Postural and Muscular Responses While Viewing Different Heights of Screen

This study aimed to examine the effects of visual display terminal (VDT) viewing angle on human postural angle and muscular activity. The participants’ neck, thoracic bending, and trunk inclination angles; and the activity of sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, splenius capitis, and erector spinae at 5 viewing angles (+40°, +20°,0°, –20°, and –40°) of a VDT screen were collected for 1 min. This study showed that neck and thoracic bending angles increased with viewing angle, while viewing angle did not significantly affect trunk inclination angle. In addition, the activity of trapezius and erector spinae increased when viewing a higher or lower VDT screen height compared with viewing a horizontal VDT screen height; however, the activity of splenius capitis decreased with viewing angle.     

Kickback risk of portable chainsaws while cutting wood of different properties: laboratory tests and deductions

Portable chainsaws are associated with substantial risk and can cause serious injury to operators, especially during kickback. This paper presents new results from research and analyses conducted regarding the impact between the different properties of wood on this occurrence. In an open area, such differences may include: wood species, humidity, temperature and the facing angle of the wood fibres in relation to the kerf and shape of the wood surface that comes in contact with the tip of the guide bar. This paper investigates chainsaw kickback including the research results on kickback and wood-cutting energy, saw chain speed and the efficiency of the chainsaw engine. It also presents conclusions drawn from the tests that can be useful for chainsaw users, showing the dependencies between the different properties of wood and the risk of injury.     

非等压下考虑渗流和剪胀的圆巷围岩弹塑性统一解

对于富水地层中深埋圆形巷道,为研究多种因素影响下巷道围岩塑性区范围和洞周位移的变化规律,对巷道围岩进行了弹塑性理论分析。对围岩应力场和渗流场进行耦合分析,基于统一强度理论和非关联流动法则,推导出多种因素影响下深埋圆形巷道围岩应力、位移和塑性区半径的解析计算式。结合工程实例进行计算分析,结果表明:中间主应力参数、围岩侧压系数、初始孔隙水压和剪胀角对围岩塑性区径向位移和塑性区范围均有显著影响,但影响规律各不相同;考虑中间主应力作用时,其他各因素的影响效应减弱。综合考虑以上各因素对围岩稳定性的影响,计算结果更加接近工程实际情况。     

基于SAPSO-BP网络模型的海洋平台落物碰撞损伤分析

为了确保海洋平台作业过程中落物坠落对甲板撞击后的结构安全,对坠落立管撞击海洋平台甲板的过程进行了非线性仿真分析。运用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立有限元模型,对坠落立管不同撞击角度撞击海洋平台甲板进行模拟计算,得到甲板在不同工况下的损伤情况。运用1种自适应性变异的粒子群优化算法SAPSO与BP神经网络结合［1］,对海洋平台进行落物碰撞损伤分析。研究结果表明:落物与垂直方向偏离5°～10°为坠落时最危险的工况。SAPSO-BP提高了BP神经网络的拟合能力,减小了拟合误差,提高了拟合精度,验证了SAPSO-BP网络模型的实用性和可靠性。综合考虑制定适用于海洋平台落物安全的工作程序和平台及设备的防护措施,为海洋平台作业中落物风险评估和海洋平台作业安全保障提供参考。     

生物型表面活性剂在煤表面润湿吸附规律研究

为了探讨生物型表面活性剂溶液在煤表面的润湿吸附规律,选定茶皂素、蔗糖酯、无患子和脂肽这4种结构性能不同的生物型表面活性剂作为研究对象,通过对4种溶液在煤表面接触角和表面张力进行测定,研究这4种生物型表面活性剂在煤表面的铺展系数、黏附功、黏附张力等润湿吸附参数。研究结果表明:脂肽的表面张力、接触角和黏附功均低于其他3种溶液,而其铺展系数高于其他3种溶液,说明脂肽在煤表面的润湿吸附性要强于茶皂素、蔗糖酯和无患子,但是黏附性则低于茶皂素、蔗糖酯和无患子。脂肽对煤体的润湿吸附性能优于另外3种生物型表面活性剂。     

Atmospheric and kinetic studies of OH and HO2 by the FAGE technique

A new FAGE setup has recently been built at the University of Lille, France. It permits the quantification of OH and HO₂ in the atmosphere with a detection limit of 3×10⁵ molecules/(cm³·min) for OH and 1×10⁶ molecules/(cm⁵·min) for HO₂. Its coupling to a photolysis cell enables the measurement of the total reactivity of the hydroxyl radical in ambient air and kinetic studies in laboratory. Two configurations have been considered: one with the photolysis cell at 90° to the FAGE nozzle, the other on line with the FAGE nozzle. The two configurations have been tested and validated by measuring the well known rate constants of OH with CH₄, C₃H₈ and CO. The advantages and drawbacks of each configuration have been evaluated. The “on line” configuration limits losses and permits measurements over a larger reactivity range but is affected by OH formation from the laser beam striking the FAGE nozzle, thus limiting the ability to carry out energy dependence studies which can, in contrast, be successfully performed in the 90° configuration.     

天津市颗粒物散射消光特征及化学组分贡献研究

为研究天津大气颗粒物光学特征及不同化学成分贡献水平,对颗粒物散射系数进行了在线观测,同时对全年1,4,7,10 4个典型月份进行PM2.5采样,并分析其化学成分.观测发现,天津市散射消光系数表现为秋、冬季高,春、夏季低,冬季PM2.5的干散射效率最高,为5.18m2/g.当风速大于3m/s时,对污染物的清除扩散作用较为明显,散射系数较低;相对湿度较高时,其对散射系数的增长作用显著.多元线性回归分析结果表明,天津市细颗粒中有机碳和硫酸盐是影响天津市能见度的主要组分.根据IMPROVE法核算化学组分对散射消光的贡献,得出有机物的贡献最大,为38.51%.     

大气对舰载激光武器的影响及对策

强激光的大气传输效应是影响和制约舰载激光武器性能的重要因素,包括大气折射、吸收、散射、湍流、热晕和击穿,使激光发生路径弯曲、功率衰减、光强起伏、光束扩展和畸变等。从舰载激光武器的作战环境和作战特点出发,结合目前舰载激光武器的最新进展和发展趋势,综合分析了海上大气对舰载激光武器作战效能的影响,并提出了减小大气传输影响的应对措施,有助于舰载激光武器系统的合理设计和性能的最大发挥。