广州地区紫外辐射特征和模式对比分析

根据中国气象局广州热带海洋气象研究所的紫外观测数据,研究了广州的紫外辐射季节变化,结果表明,2005年和2006年广州各月份紫外辐射强度的极值的最大值都出现在7月,2006年的达到了55.48W/㎡,极值的最小值也都出现在1月,2005年最小只有23.17W/㎡.利用NCAR(美国大气研究中心)的TUV模式,模拟研究了2005年11月16~29日一次从清洁到灰霾过程的典型个例,模拟的结果与实际观测基本一致,模式研究表明,在污染较轻时,TUV模式能够很好的模拟晴天紫外辐射的日变化,模式与实测之间有约7%~15%的误差. 随着污染的加剧,模式的偏差也变大.气溶胶对紫外辐射的影响相当大,在气溶胶污染严重时可使紫外辐射降低40%,气溶胶对紫外辐射的短波谱也有较大的影响,随着污染的加重,对紫外辐射的短波衰减会加强.     

内陆核设施废液零排放方式探讨

液态放射性流出物是核设施运行的必然产物,滨海核设施向大海进行稀释排放处置,内陆核设施缺少稀释载体,采用自然蒸发空气载带方式将液体流出物通过气态途径向大气稀释排放是可行的替代方案,可以实现液态流出物的零排放。自然蒸发空气载带排放方案描述了工艺原理,提出了空气流速、空气温度、环境相对湿度、废水温度等与蒸发强度的关系,给出了一套自然蒸发载带排放装置的概念设计,分析了液态流出物转为气态途径排放对环境的影响,论证了采用自然蒸发空气载带方式实现内陆核设施液态流出物零排放目标的可行性。     

微波辐照作用对颗粒煤瓦斯解吸特性影响实验研究

为了研究微波场连续-间断辐照作用对颗粒煤瓦斯解吸特性的影响,通过自制的实验装置,分析研究了微波连续-间断作用10 ,20 ,40 s及无微波作用下的构造煤颗粒瓦斯解吸量及解吸速率变化规律,并采用水浴加热装置模拟微波产生的热效应,研究了微波热效应在促进煤粒瓦斯解吸中的影响。实验结果表明:在微波连续作用时间内,瓦斯解吸量和解吸速率均迅速增大,然而随着时间的延长衰减较快,最终瓦斯解吸量趋向于一定值,微波连续-间断辐照作用下的瓦斯解吸量是无微波加载作用下的1.83～3.93倍;微波产生的热效应对瓦斯解吸影响较为显著,权重达82%以上,然而其非热效应的影响也不可忽视。实验方法与结果可望为促进构造瓦斯解吸、降低煤层突出危险性提供参考。     

放射性核素大气扩散数值模拟研究综述

放射性核素大气扩散模式可以模拟放射性核素在不同尺度下的大气输送与扩散,为核电站选址、核事故应急提供科学依据.本文总结了目前广泛用于模拟核素扩散的多种模式,详细比较了各模式对放射性核素的衰变、输送和扩散、干/湿沉降和重力沉降以及辐射剂量等处理方法,总结归纳各个模式模拟的差异性.最后,对放射性核素大气扩散模式发展前景做了展望.对有针对性地提高模式模拟能力以及明确模式的发展方向具有重要的意义.     

UV-B辐射增强对麻花艽叶片光合作用及相关生理参数的影响

采用20 W和40 W的UV-B灯辐射增强处理,测定分析了UV-B辐射增强对麻花艽(Gentiana straminea Maxim)叶片净光合速率及相关生理参数的影响. 结果显示:2008年8月3日,研究区大气温度从09:00开始上升,到14:00达到最高点,叶温和大气饱和水气压变化与气温变化趋势相似;光合有效辐射强度从07:00开始上升,至13:00达到最高,之后下降;麻花艽叶片净光合作用速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(E)和水分利用效率在对照下最高,在40 W UV-B辐射下最低;P_n在08:00—10:00最高,G_s在07:00—08:00最高,C_i在日出及日落时最高,E在09:00—13:00及14:00—18:00最高,水分利用效率在日出后最高;P_n与G_s,叶片温度,大气温度,光合有效辐射和大气饱和水气压亏缺呈正相关,与C_i呈负相关,与光合有效辐射强度的相关系数较高. P_n在光合有效辐射强度为0～800 μmol/(m2·s)时随光合有效辐射强度增加而增加,在2 200～3 000 μmol/(m2·s)时变化不大;G_s和E随光合有效辐射强度的增加而增加;C_i在光合有效辐射强度为0～800 μmol/(m2·s)时,随光合有效辐射强度的增加而呈下降趋势;水分利用效率在光合有效辐射强度为0～800 μmol/(m2·s)时随光合有效辐射强度的增加而呈增加的趋势,在800～3 000 μmol/(m2·s)时呈下降趋势. 说明UV-B辐射增强将使高寒草甸植物叶片P_n,G_s,C_i,E和水分利用效率降低.      

Simulation of Reflected and Scattered Laser Radiation for Designing Laser Shields

This paper presents a computer simulation of reflected and scattered laser radiation for calculating the angle of laser shields performed with the Laser Shield Solver computer program. The authors describe a method of calculating the shield angle for laser shields which protect workers against reflected and scattered laser radiation and which are made from different materials. The main assumptions of the program, which calculates and simulates reflected laser radiation from any material and which can be used for designing shield angles, are presented. Calculations are compared with measurements of reflected laser radiation. The results for one type of laser and different materials which interacted with a laser beam showed that the Laser Shield Solver was an appropriate tool for designing laser shields and its simulations of reflected laser radiation distribution have practical use.     

电磁辐射职业危害及防护对策

科技飞速发展的今天,射频及微波技术已经广泛应用于国民经济的各个领域,这使得越来越多的从业人员在工作场所受到电磁辐射污染的影响。本文总结归纳了我国电磁辐射职业危害状况,分析了现代企业电磁辐射防护的新特点,并提出企业电磁辐射防护对策。     

Occupational Exposure to Natural UV Radiation and Premature Skin Ageing

The skin is the part of the human body most vulnerable to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The spectrum of the negative effects of UV radiation on the skin ranges from acute erythema to carcinogenesis. Between these extreme conditions, there are other common skin lesions, e.g.,photoageing. The aim of this study was to assess the skin for signs of photoageing in a group of 52 men occupationally exposed to natural UV radiation. There were 2 types of examinations: an examination of skin condition (moisture, elasticity, sebum, porosity, smoothness, discolourations and wrinkles) with a device for diagnosing the skin, and a dermatological examination. The results of both examinations revealed a higher percentage of skin characteristics typical for photoageing in outdoor workers compared to the general population.     

Analytical Study of the Heat Loss Attenuation by Clothing on Thermal Manikins Under Radiative Heat Loads

For wearers of protective clothing in radiation environments there are no quantitative guidelines available for the effect of a radiative heat load on heat exchange. Under the European Union funded project ThermProtect an analytical effort was defined to address the issue of radiative heat load while wearing protective clothing. As within the ThermProtect project much information has become available from thermal manikin experiments in thermal radiation environments, these sets of experimental data are used to verify the analytical approach. The analytical approach provided a good prediction of the heat loss in the manikin experiments, 95% of the variance was explained by the model. The model has not yet been validated at high radiative heat loads and neglects some physical properties of the radiation emissivity. Still, the analytical approach provides a pragmatic approach and may be useful for practical implementation in protective clothing standards for moderate thermal radiation environments.     

水体汞光还原研究进展

汞的光还原是影响水生系统汞迁移转化的重要过程.光还原产生的溶解性气态汞会通过水气界面向大气挥发.该过程可以减轻水体汞负荷,降低汞被甲基化的风险,对全球汞循环具有重要意义.水生系统中汞的光还原过程十分复杂,影响因素较多,是汞环境地球化学行为研究的重点和热点.目前科学家在这方面已做了大量研究,但许多结论与建议还存在争议,对其还原机制也还不清楚.本文总结了近年来水体汞光还原过程的研究进展;分析了水生系统中影响汞光还原过程的主要因素;评述了水汞光还原研究存在的问题;提出了水体汞光还原的研究焦点与方向.