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71.
Globalization’s limits to the environmental state? Integrating telecoupling into global environmental governance 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Globalization entails increased interdependence and interconnectivities among distal regions and social-ecological systems. This global interregional connectedness – telecoupling – gives rise to specific sustainability challenges, which require new governance solutions. Moving beyond ‘scaling-up’ governance to address global environmental problems, and exploring the implications of telecoupling for state-led environmental governance, ways the state can effectively address telecoupled environmental issues both within and beyond national borders are addressed, drawing on the example of soy trade between Brazil and Germany. This builds on recent contributions to the literature on governance of interregional ecological challenges to elaborate potential policy and governance options, ranging from classical bilateral, multilateral, and international agreements, to information-based, economic, and hybrid governance modes. While telecoupled environmental problems create governance challenges related to scale, knowledge gaps, coordination, and state capacity, the state has an important role to play. To explore this further, interdisciplinary inquiry is required that includes but moves beyond the state. 相似文献
72.
Shemdoe Riziki Silas 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2016,14(1):38-44
This paper presents results of the assessment on benefit sharing and payment mechanisms tested by six non-governmental organizations (NGOs)-piloted Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) initiatives in Tanzania. Results from the assessment indicate that models applied by most of the REDD+ pilot projects have provided most of decisions for the distribution of benefits to the communities through village general assemblies. Based on requirements of the tested models, national benefit-sharing mechanism models are proposed. Major attributes to be considered in the development of national benefit-sharing models should include: (i) ensuring that the existing government structure is not excluded to ensure sustainability; (ii) village general assembly is involved in determining the distribution of the benefits accrued; and (iii) transparency in handling the carbon finance is ensured. Models that are proposed for the national REDD+ benefit sharing apply to two forest management systems, namely Joint Forest Management (JFM) and Community Based Forest Management (CBFM). The paper recommends testing of the two proposed models to determine whether they could be useful in sharing benefits resulting from REDD+ in Tanzania. 相似文献
73.
近50年鄱阳湖五大流域降水变化特征研究 总被引:16,自引:1,他引:15
基于鄱阳湖流域在江西省内部分对应的79县市气象站1960~2006年逐日降水观测资料,采用线性回归的方法分别研究五大流域的年降水量、降水日数、暴雨日数等3要素的变化趋势,并用Mann法进行了变化趋势的显著性检验,用距平与均方差之比达到15和20作为气候异常检验指标,对各流域的各时间序列进行了异常检验,采用了Mann Kendall法对各时间序列进行突变检测。结果表明:(1)各流域的年降水量变化趋势基本一致,年降水量与年暴雨日数密切相关;饶河流域强降水事件较多,降水强度大,赣江中游流域降水时间分布相对较均匀,强降水事件较少;(2)各流域年降水量、暴雨日数总体呈波动上升趋势,20世纪90年代以来暴雨日数异常偏多的概率最大;(3)年降水日数以20世纪80年代中期为界,之前呈波动上升趋势,之后呈波动下降趋势,2002年至今各流域降雨日数明显偏少;(4)各流域的年降水量、降水日数、暴雨日数均未出现趋势性的突变;(5)近50年来鄱阳湖流域降水时间分布不均的情况加剧,旱涝灾害风险增加。 相似文献
74.
The boundary between preferential flow and Richards-type flow is a priori set at a volumetric soil water content θ at which soil water diffusivity D (θ) = η (= 10− 6 m2 s− 1), where η is the kinematic viscosity. First we estimated with a hydrostatic approach from soil water retention curves the boundary, θK, between the structural pore domain, in which preferential flow occurs, and the matrix pore domain, in which Richards-type flow occurs. We then compared θK with θ that was derived from the respective soil hydrological property functions of same soil sample. Second, from in situ investigations we determined 96 values of θG as the terminal soil water contents that established themselves when the corresponding water-content waves of preferential flow have practically ceased. We compared the frequency distribution of θG with the one of θ that was calculated from the respective soil hydrological property functions of 32 soil samples that were determined with pressure plate apparatuses in the laboratory. There is support of the notion that θK ≈ θG ≈ θ, thus indicating the potential of θ to explain more generally what constitutes preferential flow. However, the support is assessed as working hypothesis on which to base further research rather than a procedure to a clear-cut identification of preferential flow and associated flow paths. 相似文献
75.
Jeffrey R. Follett 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(1):31-51
This article examines the diversity of food networks that fit within the alternative food system of the United States. While
farmers’ markets, community supported agriculture schemes, and corporate organic food markets all fit within the alternative
food system, they differ greatly in the conventions and beliefs that they represent. The alternative food system has divided
into two movements: corporate, weak alternative food networks; and local, strong alternative food networks. The weak corporate
version focuses on protecting the environment; however, it neglects issues concerning labor standards, animal welfare, rural
communities, small-scale farmers, and human health. Local, strong alternative food networks not only assure environmental
protection, but they also address the issues that weak alternatives neglect. Using three case studies from the Washington,
D.C. metro area, the author explains that strong alternative food networks are better suited to create social and political
change because they challenge the foundations of the conventional food system: standardized and generic products, price-based
competition, consolidated power, and global scale. To affect true social and political change in the United States, the author
recommends supporting strong alternative food networks by creating the requisite cultural and political space for them to
succeed. 相似文献
76.
拒绝服务攻击/分布式拒绝服务攻击防范技术的研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
研究常见的拒绝服务攻击和分布式拒绝服务攻击方法,深入分析各种相关防护技术,提出了从设备自身加固入手,以分布式检查,管理和技术双管齐下的思路。给出了应对这种目前开放网络中的顽疾的综合解决方案。笔者提及的相关解决方案涉及到安全评估加固技术、攻击检测技术、流量清洗技术、安全管理技术;也给出了各种不同职责岗位的工作职责,提出了防止拒绝服务攻击必须从做好安全加固,采用积极的方式应对这种攻击的思路。笔者提出的观点可用于指导企业进行综合的拒绝服务攻击防御,也可以作为安全技术及理论的研究者的参考,提到的各种防范技术均经过了实践的验证。 相似文献
77.
复杂社会技术系统安全事故的成因结构敏感性及预防对策研究 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
简要回顾现有复杂社会技术系统安全事故的成因理论存在的局限性,根据大量统计资料和经验总结构建事故成因理论的缺陷。该研究试图从分析和推理入手,根据复杂社会技术系统运行机制及事故成因结构敏感性特征,探索由于新技术快速普及应用而不断涌现的复杂社会技术系统的失效机制及事故的成因理论;解释复杂社会技术系统安全事故的严重程度差异性、时间方向性及情境依赖性;为任何因新技术普及应用而产生的人造系统的安全分析及事故预防提供理论和方法支撑。 相似文献
78.
复杂社会技术系统安全控制人因研究的转变趋向 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
在分析复杂社会技术系统的特征及其事故机制的基础上,总结出目前安全控制的人因研究领域中的4种新趋向:分别是从关注个体因素到关注组织因素;从强调行政控制到呼吁社会控制;从考察近端因子到探讨远端征兆;从考核导向向优化发展导向。四大趋势的转变为系统的安全控制提供了新的视角,也开辟了安全控制研究新的领域。最后,笔者结合4方面的转变,针对我国实际情况提出了相应的企业安全管理建议。 相似文献
79.
Decision–support systems in the field of integrated water management could benefit considerably from social science knowledge,
as many environmental changes are human-induced. Unfortunately the adequate incorporation of qualitative social science concepts
in a quantitative modeling framework is not straightforward. The applicability of fuzzy set theory and fuzzy cognitive maps
for the integration of qualitative scenarios in a decision–support system was examined for the urbanization of the coastal
city of Ujung Pandang, Indonesia. The results indicate that both techniques are useful tools for the design of integrated
models based on a combination of concepts from the natural and social sciences.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
80.
Monitoring urban growth and detecting land-cover changes on the Istanbul metropolitan area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Istanbul is the most populated city of Turkey with a population of around 10.58 M (2000) living on around 5,750 km2. In 1980, the population was only 4.7 M and then it has been more than doubled in only two decades. The population has been
increasing as a result of mass immigration. An urbanization process continues and it causes serious increases in urban areas
while decreasing the amount of green areas. This rapid, uncontrolled, and illegal urbanization accompanied by insufficient
infrastructure has caused degradation of forest and barren lands in the metropolitan area, especially through the last two
decades. The watershed basins inside the metropolitan area and the transportation network have accelerated the land-cover
changes, which have negative impacts on water quality of the basins. Monitoring urban growth and land cover change will enable
better management of this complex urban area by the Greater Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (GIMM). A temporal assessment
of land-cover changes of Istanbul has been documented in this study. The study mainly focuses on the acquisition and analysis
of Landsat TM and Landsat GeoCover LC satellite images reflecting the significant land-cover changes between the years of
1990 and 2005. Raster data were converted to vector data and used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A database was
created for Istanbul metropolitan area to plan, manage, and utilize statistical attribute data covering population, water,
forest, industry, and topographic position. Consequently an overlay analysis was carried out and land use/cover changes through
years have been detected for the case study area. The capability of Landsat images in determining the alterations in the macro
form of the city are also discussed. 相似文献