电子封装行业化学有害因素职业暴露评价

以法规及风险评价模型为基础,对电子封装行业内通常使用的化学有害因素进行职业暴露分析,将健康风险进行分级、定量评价,得出结论:行业中回流焊工艺可能产生的铅烟、电镀车间存在的硝酸、失效分析中使用的氢氟酸等,其职业暴露风险为中等风险水平;但由于化学物质的健康危害等级HR因其固有性而相对不变,而其会随控制措施的效果高低而变化的暴露等级ER是一个可变的要素,不同企业的控制措施的水平高低不同,其最终的风险等级可能是不同的。行业中使用的氢氧化钾、氢氧化钠的职业暴露风险为低风险水平,前提也是在合理有效的控制措施环境下。因此,控制措施的水平就是决定风险等级的最重要因素。时时地运行和维护有效的控制措施,是确保风险水平不发生变化的关键。     

基于ABAQUS的呼吸防护面具卡扣装配设计

在对呼吸防护面具结构和装配力学分析的基础上,确定了卡扣装配尺寸、受力、变形的关系表达式。在表达式的基础上,建立了环型卡扣装配分析模型,并用ABAQUS软件分析了卡扣不同过盈量和插入角对卡扣连接和装配力的影响,进而根据最大装配力、最大应变与许用应变的关系,得到了环型卡扣的最佳过盈量、最佳插入角,满足了装配可靠、连接紧凑和密封性好的要求。     

典型螺栓/螺母装配件湿热海洋大气环境适应性研究

目的 研究典型螺栓/螺母装配件在湿热海洋大气环境下的适应性.方法 在万宁大气环境试验站开展螺栓/螺母装配件为期24个月的户外暴露试验,通过环境扫描电镜(SEM)、电化学试验、力矩测试,研究螺栓/螺母装配件在我国湿热海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为和力矩变化规律.结果 装配件组合30CrMnSiA镀镉钝化螺栓与30CrMnSiA镀镉钝化螺母(组合A)、30CrMnSiA镀镉钝化螺栓与30CrMnSiA镀锌钝化螺母(组合B)、30CrMnSiA镀镉钝化螺栓与0Cr16Ni6钝化螺母(组合C)对应的电偶腐蚀电流分别约为0.6、37、100μA,装配状态下组合C户外暴露24个月后最大拧出力矩增加53％.结论 装配导致的电偶腐蚀效应对螺栓/螺母紧固件的性能变化具有明显影响,非装配状态下30CrMnSiA镀镉钝化螺栓在万宁户外暴露期间没有出现基体腐蚀现象,而装配状态下组合C在万宁户外暴露期间出现较为严重的基体锈蚀,造成在户外暴露期间最大拧出力矩呈不断增加趋势.     

Job Redesign Needs for Aged Workers

The aim of this paper is to explore and present a proposal for redesigning elements of the workplace for agech workers. The method of research was to observe, record, and measure the actions of sitting workers performing assembly operations on electrical products in the Kani Plant Nagoya Works of Mitsubishi Electric Co. (Japan). The evaluation index used in the experiment was obtained by measuring time motion elements, cycle time per product, and motion velocity waves of elderly workers. Those motion characteristics were then compared to the motion characteristics of young workers. The results led to job redesign elements being identified to reduce handling factors of high difficulty for aged workers and to the necessity to consider a coefficient of correction in Method Time Measurement (MTM) according to differences in the manufactured object’s weight.     

某型飞机典型连接结构防腐蚀密封改进及验证

目的研究某型飞机典型连接结构防腐蚀密封改进方法。方法针对飞机典型连接结构的密封剂失效问题提出改进密封工艺和密封结构形式两种方案,并采用实验室加速环境谱进行试验验证研究,以获得解决密封剂失效问题的途径。结果密封剂固化时间由48 h延长至168 h后,典型连接试验件的初始开裂时间由试验1循环延迟至5循环,降低了涂层开裂程度。采用局部密封设计后,试验件的初始腐蚀时间从试验1循环延迟至10循环,试验件外表面螺钉均产生红棕色锈蚀。结论采用局部密封设计形式和将密封剂固化时间由48 h延长至168 h可以有效解决某型飞机典型连接结构现有设计中的密封剂失效问题。     

Cervical musculoskeletal disorders and their relationships with personal and work-related factors among electronic assembly workers

IntroductionElectronics assembly workers are reported to have a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study investigated the prevalence of cervical MSDs and the complex relationships between cervical MSDs and individual, physical, psychosocial factors among electronics assembly workers. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, self-administered questionnaires from 700 workers in electronics manufacturing workshops were analysed. Information concerning musculoskeletal symptoms, personal and work-related factors was collected. Finally, the prevalence of cervical MSDs was computed for different subgroups, and the relationships with different factors were analyzed using logistic regression and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: The total 12 month prevalence of cervical MSDs among the survey population was 29.4%. Variables of gender, job tenure, twisting head frequently, neck flexion/extension for long time and work required to be done quickly showed significant associations with MSDs in a multivariate logistic regression (P < 0.05). The SEM analysis showed moderate and significant correlations between postural load (γ = 0.279), gender (γ = 0.233) and cervical MSDs, while there were weak but significant correlations between vibration (γ = 0.024), work stress (γ = 0.126), job tenure (γ = 0.024) and cervical MSDs. Both work stress and vibration affected the MSDs indirectly through postural load. Conclusions: The logistic regression results support previous general epidemiological MSD studies, and indicates that individual, physical, and psychosocial factors are related to cervical MSDs. The SEM provides a better approximation of the complexity of the relationship between risk factors and cervical MSDs. Improving awkward postures may be effective ways to control the influence of occupational stressors or vibration on MSDs. Practical Applications: The study is to improve prevention of MSDs among electronics assembly workers and promote their occupational health.     

Ergonomic interventions for prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in a small manufacturing assembly line

This study involves performing improvements in workstation specification using a three-dimensional human modeling tool and proposing well-balanced work scheduling (WBWS) to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) in a small manufacturing plant. To analyze risk factors of WMSDs, various tasks at 10 different types of workstation were evaluated with detailed motion analysis using a customized checklist. Questionnaires were administered to 27 workers to evaluate symptoms related to WMSDs. Revised workstation specifications were suggested based on anthropometric characteristics of workers using before–after analyses as an engineering control. Additionally, WBWS was proposed as an administrative control to avoid continuous physical stress on specific body parts in repetitive tasks. A software tool for WBWS was developed for convenient and easy application. The results of the study may aid managers in applying ergonomic interventions with time and cost savings, and enhance worker satisfaction and motivation due to improvements in working conditions to prevent WMSDs.     

公众聚集场所火灾风险评价模型探讨

文章通过对公众聚集场所火灾风险的概率因素和后果因素的分析,提出了一种火灾风险评价的模型,该模型可用于同类公众聚集场所火灾风险之间的比较,为公众聚集场所的火灾风险管理提供了量化的依据,也为公共聚集场所的火灾风险评价提供了一种方法尝试。     

一种新型煤层气旋转控制头旋转总成的温升影响因素分析

可靠有效的冷却润滑系统是旋转控制头安全、高效工作的保证。结合现有成熟技术,设计出一种集冷却润滑系统与旋转总成为一体的新型旋转控制头。为确保其旋转总成冷却润滑的要求,建立1/2实体三维数值模型,分析了密封井压、钻杆转速、井口偏心距对其温升的影响。结果表明:三影响因素均是旋转总成温升的主要因素,随三者的增大旋转总成的热平衡最高温升呈非线性增大,但在其运转所允许的温升范围内;三影响因素对旋转总成的动密封系统温升的影响最为明显,说明动密封系统是旋转总成的主要热源点;井口偏心距的增大较另外两种影响因素的增大,对旋转总成的热平衡最高温升值影响更大,进一步证实了旋转控制头安装过程中减少井口偏心距的重要性。     

机翼后梁接头裂纹故障分析

目的分析某型飞机机翼后梁接头裂纹形成的原因,避免类似问题的重复发生。方法通过对机翼后梁接头进行受力分析,在对机翼后梁接头结构装配关系进行分析的基础上,采用有限元方法对接头进行应力计算,并对裂纹断口进行宏观和微观分析,确定产生裂纹的原因。结果机翼后梁接头裂纹为应力腐蚀裂纹。结论机翼后梁接头材料为LD5,对应力腐蚀敏感,接头在装配过程中存在较大的装配拉应力,而接头表面的腐蚀防护又存在缺陷,在较严酷的服役环境作用下发生了应力腐蚀开裂。