土壤性质对水稻土中外源镉与铅生物有效性的影响

为定量了解土壤理化性质对进入土壤中的外源镉和铅生物有效性的影响,采集了性质相差较大的16个水稻土,通过添加Cd(或Pb)培养和老化处理(Cd的加入量为0、0.2、0.5、1、2和5 mg·kg-1;Pb加入量为0、20、50、100、200和500 mg·kg-1,培养时间为1年),研究了不同土壤中Cd(或Pb)负荷与土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd(或Pb)的关系.结果表明,随着Cd(或Pb)污染水平的提高,土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd(或Pb)均显著增加,但不同土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd(或Pb)随土壤Cd(或Pb)积累的增加幅度有很大的差异.相关分析表明,水稻土中水溶性Cd(或Pb)主要与土壤Cd(或Pb)污染水平和pH值有关;而交换态Cd(或Pb)主要与土壤Cd(或Pb)污染水平、pH值、CEC及质地等有关.数据显示,pH值较高、质地较黏的土壤可大大减缓因污染引起的CA和Pb生物有效性的提高.     

不同阴离子钠盐对土壤Cd形态与微生物群落的影响

为了探明污染土壤在盐碱胁迫条件下镉（Cd）有效性与微生物群落的响应,采集污灌区Cd污染农田土壤,模拟北方土壤典型盐碱胁迫情景,设置不同阴离子钠盐配置处理,利用微生境培养实验,采用高通量测序技术,结合对土壤性质、土壤Cd形态等的测定.结果表明：施用钠盐可显著提高钠吸附比（SAR）、碱化度（ESP）,降低有机碳（SOC）含量、阳离子交换量（CEC）;促进土壤中小粒径团聚体（<0.002mm）的形成,增加了Cd在小颗粒团聚体的质量负载;与对照相比,两种土壤中T1处理（主要阴离子为SO₄^2-、Cl^-）均显著（P<0.05）增加交换态Cd含量（27.06%和11.00%）.钠盐的添加降低了土壤中细菌的丰度和多样性,其中T1处理的微生物群落均匀度最低;盐碱胁迫处理改变了土壤细菌的关键类群,如增加了耐盐碱腈基降解菌科、葡萄球菌科、假单胞菌科和耐重金属芽孢杆菌科的菌群丰度,不同处理菌群结构差异与土壤阴离子组成有关,如相比而言,T1处理可增加变形菌门、芽单胞菌门、拟杆菌门的丰度.冗余分析结果表明土壤pH值、交换态Cd含量、SAR和ESP是影响细菌群落组成变化的关键环境因子,拟杆菌门、芽单胞菌门和变形菌门的丰度与pH值呈正相关,而酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门的丰度与交换态Cd含量、SAR呈现显著正相关.可见,盐碱胁迫增加了土壤Cd的有效性,显著改变了土壤微生物群落结构.     

亚热带不同稻田土壤微生物生物量碳的剖面分布特征

土壤微生物生物量碳是稻田土壤有机质最具活性的组分之一,可有效地指示土壤质量状况.为探明亚热带地区不同类型稻田土壤微生物生物量碳的剖面分布特征及其与土壤有机碳及养分的关系,通过选取5种不同母质发育的稻田土壤,采集土壤发生层次分层样品,分析其有机碳、微生物生物量碳以及土壤养分的分布特点.结果表明,土壤有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量均随土壤深度的加深而急剧下降,分别介于2.45～26.19 g.kg-1和4.55～1 691.75 mg.kg-1,以耕作层和犁底层的含量最为丰富.不同母质发育的稻田表层土壤微生物生物量碳含量存在显著差异,以板岩风化物发育的黄泥田Ⅰ最高,河沙泥和红黄泥最低;而有机碳含量却以红黄泥和河沙泥最高,其余几种土壤之间并无明显差异.尽管如此,土壤微生物生物量碳依然受有机碳数量的限制,两者呈显著的正相关关系.土壤微生物商亦随土壤深度的增加而明显降低,不同类型土壤耕作层微生物商以河沙泥(2.11%)和红黄泥(1.37%)相对最低,而板岩风化物发育的黄泥田Ⅰ最高(8.24%),说明河沙泥和红黄泥的底物有效性明显低于黄泥田,这也是河沙泥和红黄泥有机碳含量最高而微生物生物量最低的原因之一.土壤微生物生物量碳含量与土壤全氮、碱解氮和有效磷呈显著的正相关关系,而与土壤速效钾的相关性不明显,说明稻田土壤微生物生物量碳除受有机碳的限制外,还与土壤养分存在较为复杂的关系.     

大田条件下不同钝化剂对空心菜吸收镉的影响及机理

通过大田试验,研究4种钝化剂（赤泥、海泡石、钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉）对两茬空心菜（Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.）生长和镉吸收的影响。钝化剂施用量为：赤泥（0.5%和1.0%）、海泡石（0.3%和0.5%）、磷矿粉（450和900 kg.hm-2）、钙镁磷肥（450和900 kg.hm-2）。结果表明,各钝化剂均能显著降低土壤有效态镉质量分数,钝化能力大小表现为海泡石〉赤泥〉钙镁磷肥〉磷矿粉;钝化剂提高了空心菜地上部生物量,第1茬时（50 d）,施用高量赤泥、低量海泡石和高量钙镁磷肥处理生物量增加最为明显,地上部分别增加78.7%、75.2%和76.6%。第2茬（80 d）,高量赤泥与高量磷矿粉处理增加最高,地上部分别增加24.6%和34.5%。钝化剂对空心菜镉吸收影响不同,第1茬时对根系和地上部分别起促进和抑制作用,施用高量赤泥和高量海泡石最能抑制地上部镉累积,镉质量分数分别降低27.3%和23.2%。第2茬时,除海泡石外,钝化剂均显著抑制了根系和地上部的镉吸收,高量磷矿粉和赤泥效果最佳。总体来看,赤泥是保障农产品安全的最佳钝化材料,海泡石效果最差。     

渭北旱塬生态用地降水资源化潜力的估算及评价

针对黄土高原地区水资源严重短缺的态势和生态环境建设的需要，以黄土高原典型地区的渭北旱塬为例。对该区各种生态用地降水资源化理论潜力、可实现潜力和现实潜力进行初步估算。并进行相应评价。结果表明：农、林、牧、果业生产结构布局不合理，使得区内各地、市各种降水资源化潜力差异较大；林地、园地、牧草地的自然降水利用率较大：生态用地降水资源化现实潜力开发度与可实现潜力开发度有11．06％差距．现实潜力开发度与理论潜力开发度相比有36．22％潜力尚待开发。证明该区降水资源化潜力较大，但生态环境建设还是受水盗源短缺限制。     

POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CHANGES IN WATER AVAILABILITY ON AGRICULTURE IN THE TRUCKEE AND CARSON RIVER BASINS,NEVADA, USA1

ABSTRACT: Effects of climate change are likely to be detected in nearly all sectors and regions of the economy, with both winners and losers. One of the consequences of climatic changes could be altered regional water supplies. This paper presents an investigation of regional agricultural implications of changes in water availability. Specifically, using a profit maximization approach, the economic consequences of altered water availability in the Great Basin of Nevada are analyzed in terms of the effects on net returns of agricultural producers. Under the scenarios analyzed in this paper, it is found that with adequate water systems, increase in streamflow and consequent increase in water availability could significantly benefit agricultural producers of this region. Net returns to irrigators could increase by 8 to 13 percent, not taking into account the possibility of changes in crop yields and prices. It is also shown that the benefits from increased water availability are sensitive to likely crop yield and price changes. The potential for adverse effects of climatic changes on water supply is also considered by analyzing the effects of decreased water availability. Under decreased water availability scenarios, farmer net returns decrease substantially.     

适用于弱碱性条件下使用的防垢剂研究

在防垢剂防垢性能测评中,对适于弱碱性条件下的防垢剂进行了实验研究。研究结果表明,在pH值为8时,有机膦酸、膦羧酸类防垢剂均具有很好的防垢性能;加入量为5mg/L时,对碳酸钙的防垢率可达95%以上。在pH值为9时,复配防垢剂有较好的防垢效果。例如FG-01与HPAA按1∶1复配后,加入量为5mg/L时,防垢率可达71.3%;加入量为10mg/L时,防垢率可达78.1%。     

Getting of the seeds-and-tools treadmill with CRS seed vouchers and fairs

The free distribution of seeds and tools is the standard approach to agricultural recovery. The predominance of this approach is partly attributable to the: (1) perception that farmer seed quality is poor, (2) insistence on seed certification, (3) promotion of researcher varieties, (4) misdiagnosis of unavailability, (5) difficulty accessing farmer seed, and (6) support for the commercial seed sector. This paper presents a Seed Security Assessment Framework to distinguish among the causes of seed insecurity and focuses on three principal concepts: seed availability; access to seed; and factors associated with seed utilisation. Using this diagnostic framework, Catholic Relief Services (CRS) has developed a better approach to promoting seed system-based agricultural recovery. It involves a combination of seed voucher distribution and the organization of seed fairs, which bring together a range of sellers from whom the holders of vouchers may purchase seed. This approach is advantageous because it: strengthens farmer seed procurement systems; is cost efficient; in economic terms, has a multiplier effect in the community; is straightforward to plan and implement; allows commercial sector participation; provides an opportunity to promote improved varieties for farmer evaluation; brings together different communities.     

Influence of phosphorus availability on the community structure and physiology of cultured biofilms

Biofilms have important effects on nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems.However,publications about the community structure and functions under laboratory conditions are rare.This study focused on the developmental and physiological properties of cultured biofilms under various phosphorus concentrations performed in a closely controlled continuous flow incubator.The results showed that the biomass(Chl a)and photosynthesis of algae were inhibited under P-limitation conditions,while the phosphatase activity and P assimilation rate were promoted.The algal community structure of biofilms was more likely related to the colonization stage than with the phosphorus availability.Cyanobacteria were more competitive than other algae in biofilms,particularly when cultured under low P levels.A dominance shift occurred from non-filamentous algae in the early stage to filamentous algae in the mid and late stages under P concentrations of 0.01,0.1 and 0.6 mg/L.However,the total N content,dry weight biomass and bacterial community structure of biofilms were unaffected by phosphorus availability.This may be attributed to the low respiration rate,high accumulation of extracellular polymeric substances and high alkaline phosphatase activity in biofilms when phosphorus availability was low.The bacterial community structure differed over time,while there was little difference between the four treatments,which indicated that it was mainly affected by the colonization stage of the biofilms rather than the phosphorus availability.Altogether,these results suggested that the development of biofilms was influenced by the phosphorus availability and/or the colonization stage and hence determined the role that biofilms play in the overlying water.     

土壤锌铁铜锰形态分布及其有效性

各土壤微量元素的形态分布特性有相似的规律，每个微量元素的各种形态都可以根据其对植物的有效性划分为两组．第一组形态分布百分率与植物有效性指数呈显著或极显著相关．第二组则呈显著或极显著负相关．因而第一组的形态为主要的有效养分源，第二组的形态很难为植物提供有效养分．减少相应元素转化成为第二组的形态和增加第一组各形态的储备容量是调节和控制土壤营养的重要措施．