A hydrologically driven model of swamp water mosquito population dynamics

We develop a swamp water mosquito population model that is forced solely by environmental variability. Measured temperature and land surface wetness conditions are used to simulate Anopheles walkeri population dynamics in a northern New Jersey habitat. Land surface wetness conditions, which represent oviposition habitat availability, are derived from simulations using a dynamic hydrology model. Using only these two density-independent effects, population model simulations of biting Anoph. walkeri correlate significantly with light trap collections. These results suggest that prediction of mosquito populations and the diseases they transmit could be better constrained by inclusion of environmental variability.     

红壤丘岗区潜育性稻田硫硅硼铜元素的有效性

研究结果表明,红壤丘岗区潜育性稻田中的冷浸田和烂泥田土壤有效硫含量相对较低,这两种类型潜育田存在潜在性缺硫问题,故应注意硫肥的施用。潜育性稻田土壤有效硅亦普遍低于非潜育性田,因而极有可能发生缺硅。与同母质类型的非潜育性稻田比较,红壤潜育性稻田土壤有效硼含量并无明显差异。但第四纪红土发育的潜育田土壤有效硼低于缺硼临界值。部分潜育田士壤有效铜含量亦低于渍水土壤缺铜临界值,这说明部分渍潜田存在缺铜现象。     

土壤锌铁铜锰形态分布及其有效性

各土壤微量元素的形态分布特性有相似的规律，每个微量元素的各种形态都可以根据其对植物的有效性划分为两组．第一组形态分布百分率与植物有效性指数呈显著或极显著相关．第二组则呈显著或极显著负相关．因而第一组的形态为主要的有效养分源，第二组的形态很难为植物提供有效养分．减少相应元素转化成为第二组的形态和增加第一组各形态的储备容量是调节和控制土壤营养的重要措施．     

淋洗修复后残留土壤中重金属的再释放及环境风险

淋洗修复后残留土壤中的重金属会因外界环境的改变可能会发生再释放过程而使环境风险增加,淹水是农田土壤常见的管理模式之一,然而淹水介导的土壤环境条件的改变对淋洗修复后残留农田土壤中重金属的再释放和环境风险的变化影响尚不清楚.因此,本研究开展了持续淹水培养（180 d）对经柠檬酸（CA）、EDTA、FeCl₃和HCl淋洗修复后残留土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn的有效性、形态分配和环境风险的影响研究.结果表明随着培养时间的延长,经CA、EDTA和HCl淋洗后土壤中有效态Cd含量呈先增加后减少的趋势,有效态Pb含量增加,有效态Zn含量减少.经FeCl₃淋洗后土壤中有效态Cd、Pb和Zn含量随培养时间延长而增加.形态分析结果表明,淹水会使土壤E_h降低而致使铁锰氧化物的溶解,因此导致可还原态Pb含量向弱酸提取态Pb转移是有效态Pb含量增加的原因;土壤弱酸提取态Cd含量变化与土壤有效态Cd含量变化基本一致;淹水对淋洗修复后Zn形态的影响较小.基于改进的潜在生态风险指数法评价结果表明淹水使CA、EDTA和HCl淋洗后土壤Cd、Zn环境风险和重金属环境总风险减少,使Pb的环境风险增加.淹水后FeCl₃淋洗后土壤Cd、Pb和Zn环境风险及重金属环境总风险增加.由于FeCl₃淋洗后的土壤重金属污染状况较低且环境总风险（低风险）明显小于其它3种淋洗剂淋洗的土壤,因此,FeCl₃可成为Cd-Pb-Zn复合污染土壤的淋洗剂选择,但是需关注其淋洗修复后残留土壤中重金属的再释放并采取调控措施.本研究结果可为农田重金属污染土壤合适淋洗剂的选择和淋洗法修复重金属污染农田土壤的效果评估提供更为合理的指导思路.     

食物贸易视角下的全球食物供需平衡及其演化分析

用食物供给量与生产量分别表示食物的可及性与自给率,其差值可表示食物贸易量,以人均每天卡路里为单位进行的折算可以更好地反映膳食营养的变化。从食物贸易视角分析了28年来食物供需平衡状况,结果表明:（1）1986—2013年,全球食物贸易量增加1.5倍;食物总产量增加0.75倍,贸易量在总产量中的比例增加约8个百分点,相当于7.9×10⁸ t食物进入国际市场,这成为改善膳食结构的重要因素。（2）28年来,食物可及性与自给率呈上升趋势,全球绝大部分人口已经达到最低2200 kal的营养标准。（3）食物可及性、自给率、贸易量均存在地域差异,非洲及南亚的部分国家是低值地区。（4）总体来看,全球人均每天热量与蛋白质供给量增加。低收入国家增速最快,中等收入国家增速次之,高收入国家增速最慢。但非洲、东南亚等地的一些欠发达国家仍未达到最低的营养标准,全球仍有一部分人处于营养不良状态。     

Influence of phosphorus availability on the community structure and physiology of cultured biofilms

Biofilms have important effects on nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems.However,publications about the community structure and functions under laboratory conditions are rare.This study focused on the developmental and physiological properties of cultured biofilms under various phosphorus concentrations performed in a closely controlled continuous flow incubator.The results showed that the biomass(Chl a)and photosynthesis of algae were inhibited under P-limitation conditions,while the phosphatase activity and P assimilation rate were promoted.The algal community structure of biofilms was more likely related to the colonization stage than with the phosphorus availability.Cyanobacteria were more competitive than other algae in biofilms,particularly when cultured under low P levels.A dominance shift occurred from non-filamentous algae in the early stage to filamentous algae in the mid and late stages under P concentrations of 0.01,0.1 and 0.6 mg/L.However,the total N content,dry weight biomass and bacterial community structure of biofilms were unaffected by phosphorus availability.This may be attributed to the low respiration rate,high accumulation of extracellular polymeric substances and high alkaline phosphatase activity in biofilms when phosphorus availability was low.The bacterial community structure differed over time,while there was little difference between the four treatments,which indicated that it was mainly affected by the colonization stage of the biofilms rather than the phosphorus availability.Altogether,these results suggested that the development of biofilms was influenced by the phosphorus availability and/or the colonization stage and hence determined the role that biofilms play in the overlying water.     

POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CHANGES IN WATER AVAILABILITY ON AGRICULTURE IN THE TRUCKEE AND CARSON RIVER BASINS,NEVADA, USA1

ABSTRACT: Effects of climate change are likely to be detected in nearly all sectors and regions of the economy, with both winners and losers. One of the consequences of climatic changes could be altered regional water supplies. This paper presents an investigation of regional agricultural implications of changes in water availability. Specifically, using a profit maximization approach, the economic consequences of altered water availability in the Great Basin of Nevada are analyzed in terms of the effects on net returns of agricultural producers. Under the scenarios analyzed in this paper, it is found that with adequate water systems, increase in streamflow and consequent increase in water availability could significantly benefit agricultural producers of this region. Net returns to irrigators could increase by 8 to 13 percent, not taking into account the possibility of changes in crop yields and prices. It is also shown that the benefits from increased water availability are sensitive to likely crop yield and price changes. The potential for adverse effects of climatic changes on water supply is also considered by analyzing the effects of decreased water availability. Under decreased water availability scenarios, farmer net returns decrease substantially.     

Climate change, water availability and future cereal production in China

Climate scenarios from a regional climate model are used to drive crop and water simulation models underpinned by the IPCC A2 and B2 socio-economic development pathways to explore water availability for agriculture in China in the 2020s and 2040s. Various measures of water availability are examined at river basin and provincial scale in relation to agricultural and non-agricultural water demand and current and planned expansions to the area under irrigation. The objectives are to understand the influences of different drivers on future water availability to support China's food production. Hydrological simulations produce moderate to large increases in total water availability in response to increases in future precipitation. Total water demand increases nationally and in most basins, but with a decreasing share for agriculture due primarily to competition from industrial, domestic and municipal sectors. Crop simulations exhibit moderate to large increases in irrigation water demand which is found to be highly sensitive to the characteristics of daily precipitation in the climate scenarios. The impacts of climate change on water availability for agriculture are small compared to the role of socio-economic development.The study identifies significant spatial differences in impacts at the river basin and provincial level. In broad terms water availability for agriculture declines in southern China and remains stable in northern China. The combined impacts of climate change and socio-economic development produce decreases in future irrigation areas, especially the area of irrigated paddy rice. Overall, the results suggest that there will be insufficient water for agriculture in China in the coming decades, due primarily to increases in water demand for non-agricultural uses, which will have significant implications for adaptation strategies and policies for agricultural production and water management.     

外源铜锌在我国典型土壤中的老化特征

采用室内培养的方法,研究了我国3种典型土壤——红壤、水稻土和褐土,在铜、锌单一污染和复合污染下的老化过程. 结果表明,有效态铜、锌（0.01 mol·L^-1 CaCl₂提取的金属）随时间先是快速下降,然后缓慢降低,大约90 d是转折点. 无论是在单一污染还是在复合污染土壤中,铜和锌的老化都没有显著差异,预示着这2个金属有相似的化学行为. 铜、锌在红壤、水稻土和褐土中的老化最适合二级动力学方程（R²为0.994 0～0.999 9, p<0.000 1）,而抛物线扩散方程拟合程度较差,说明金属有效形态向无效形态的转化过程（老化）并不完全取决于扩散作用,它是表面聚合/沉淀作用、有机质包裹作用、扩散作用等交互的结果. 铜锌在土壤中的老化显著受pH影响,在低pH土壤（红壤）,金属有效形态比例高,老化速率慢,速率常数k₂为4.36×10^-3～7.05×10^-3 kg·(mg·d)^-1;高pH土壤（褐土）中,金属有效形态比例低,老化速率快,k₂为1.095×10^-2～1.377×10^-2 kg·(mg·d)^-1. 也就是说,随土壤pH升高,金属的老化速率加快.     

Effect of molecular weight of dissolved organic matter on toxicity and bioavailability of copper to lettuce

To clarify the e ects of molecular weight of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the toxicity and bioavailability of copper (Cu) to plants, DOM extracted from chicken manure was ultra-filtered into four fractions according to their molecular weights by means of sequential-stage ultrafiltration technique. Lettuce seeds were germinated by being exposed to the solutions containing Cu2+ with or without di erent fractions of DOM. The concentration of copper in roots, leaves, sprouts and the length of roots were investigated. The results showed that not all fractions of DOM could improve copper availability or toxicity. The fraction of DOM with larger molecular weight more than 1 kDa had higher complexation stability with Cu2+ and caused lower concentration of free Cu2+ ion in the solution of copper plus the fraction, resulting in lower availability and toxicity of copper to lettuce, but the fraction with molecular weight less than 1 kDa had the opposite function. Therefore, the molecular weight of 1 kDa may be the division point to determine DOM to increase or decrease copper availability and toxicity.