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121.
土壤性质对水稻土中外源镉与铅生物有效性的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为定量了解土壤理化性质对进入土壤中的外源镉和铅生物有效性的影响,采集了性质相差较大的16个水稻土,通过添加Cd(或Pb)培养和老化处理(Cd的加入量为0、0.2、0.5、1、2和5 mg·kg-1;Pb加入量为0、20、50、100、200和500 mg·kg-1,培养时间为1年),研究了不同土壤中Cd(或Pb)负荷与土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd(或Pb)的关系.结果表明,随着Cd(或Pb)污染水平的提高,土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd(或Pb)均显著增加,但不同土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd(或Pb)随土壤Cd(或Pb)积累的增加幅度有很大的差异.相关分析表明,水稻土中水溶性Cd(或Pb)主要与土壤Cd(或Pb)污染水平和pH值有关;而交换态Cd(或Pb)主要与土壤Cd(或Pb)污染水平、pH值、CEC及质地等有关.数据显示,pH值较高、质地较黏的土壤可大大减缓因污染引起的CA和Pb生物有效性的提高. 相似文献
122.
渝西地区是重庆市粮食主产区,区域土壤污染特征为以镉(Cd)为主的轻中度污染区.选择该区域酸性和钙质两类典型紫色稻田土壤,开展了低累积水稻品种联合钝化剂的田间原位修复试验,比较了水稻低累积品种常两优772联合使用硅钙肥、铁粉、生物质炭和秸秆有机肥4种钝化剂的修复效果.结果表明:①在酸性和钙质两类紫色稻田土壤上,除Fe粉外的其他3种钝化剂均提高了水稻稻谷产量,酸性紫色稻田土壤上以秸秆有机肥效果最好,增产47. 43%;而在钙质稻田土壤上则以生物质炭最好,增产23. 95%.②酸性紫色稻田土壤(p H=4. 75)上单纯低累积水稻品种不能满足水稻安全生产要求,联合钝化剂施用稻米Cd含量降幅为14. 81%～54. 88%,除硅钙肥外其他3种钝化剂稻米Cd含量均达到安全食用标准(0. 2mg·kg-1,GB 2762-2017);而钙质紫色稻田土壤(p H=7. 77)上不同处理稻米Cd含量在0. 012～0. 030 mg·kg-1之间,均未超过安全标准,但施用钝化剂(除生物质炭外)仍然可使稻米Cd含量降低,降幅为26. 67%～59. 00%.③钝化剂影响Cd在稻株体内的转运.以酸性土壤为例,硅钙肥可降低茎中Cd向糙米的转运,Fe粉和生物质炭可减少根部Cd的富集并降低茎中Cd向糙米的转运,秸秆有机肥可降低根系Cd向茎中的转运.④添加4种钝化剂均能促进土壤Cd向残渣态转化,降低土壤中有效Cd含量,进而降低了水稻各器官中Cd的积累.在酸性土壤中生物质炭对土壤Cd的钝化效果最好,钙质土壤中则是秸秆有机肥钝化效果最好.⑤酸性土壤上硅钙肥和秸秆有机肥显著提升了酸性土壤p H值和有机质含量,相应地土壤有效Cd含量降低了39. 45%和34. 69%;在钙质土壤上此现象则不明显. 相似文献
123.
124.
Melissa A. Harris Timothy H. Diehl 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2017,53(5):1062-1080
Historically, thermoelectric water withdrawal has been estimated by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) and the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) water‐use compilations. Recently, the USGS developed models for estimating withdrawal at thermoelectric plants to provide estimates independent from plant operator‐reported withdrawal data. This article compares three federal datasets of thermoelectric withdrawals for the United States in 2010: one based on the USGS water‐use compilation, another based on EIA data, and the third based on USGS model‐estimated data. The withdrawal data varied widely. Many plants had three different withdrawal values, and for approximately 54% of the plants the largest withdrawal value was twice the smallest, or larger. The causes of discrepancies among withdrawal estimates included definitional differences, definitional noise, and various nondefinitional causes. The uncertainty in national totals can be characterized by the range among the three datasets, from 5,640 m3/s (129 billion gallons per day [bgd]) to 6,954 m3/s (158 bgd), or by the aggregate difference between the smallest and largest values at each plant, from 4,014 m3/s (92 bgd) to 8,590 m3/s (196 bgd). When used to assess the accuracy of reported values, the USGS model estimates identify plants that need to be reviewed. 相似文献
125.
126.
Wei Xiong Ian Holman Erda Lin Declan Conway Jinhe Jiang Yinlong Xu Yan Li 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2010,135(1-2):58-69
Climate scenarios from a regional climate model are used to drive crop and water simulation models underpinned by the IPCC A2 and B2 socio-economic development pathways to explore water availability for agriculture in China in the 2020s and 2040s. Various measures of water availability are examined at river basin and provincial scale in relation to agricultural and non-agricultural water demand and current and planned expansions to the area under irrigation. The objectives are to understand the influences of different drivers on future water availability to support China's food production. Hydrological simulations produce moderate to large increases in total water availability in response to increases in future precipitation. Total water demand increases nationally and in most basins, but with a decreasing share for agriculture due primarily to competition from industrial, domestic and municipal sectors. Crop simulations exhibit moderate to large increases in irrigation water demand which is found to be highly sensitive to the characteristics of daily precipitation in the climate scenarios. The impacts of climate change on water availability for agriculture are small compared to the role of socio-economic development.The study identifies significant spatial differences in impacts at the river basin and provincial level. In broad terms water availability for agriculture declines in southern China and remains stable in northern China. The combined impacts of climate change and socio-economic development produce decreases in future irrigation areas, especially the area of irrigated paddy rice. Overall, the results suggest that there will be insufficient water for agriculture in China in the coming decades, due primarily to increases in water demand for non-agricultural uses, which will have significant implications for adaptation strategies and policies for agricultural production and water management. 相似文献
127.
用食物供给量与生产量分别表示食物的可及性与自给率,其差值可表示食物贸易量,以人均每天卡路里为单位进行的折算可以更好地反映膳食营养的变化。从食物贸易视角分析了28年来食物供需平衡状况,结果表明:(1)1986—2013年,全球食物贸易量增加1.5倍;食物总产量增加0.75倍,贸易量在总产量中的比例增加约8个百分点,相当于7.9×108t食物进入国际市场,这成为改善膳食结构的重要因素。(2)28年来,食物可及性与自给率呈上升趋势,全球绝大部分人口已经达到最低2200 kal的营养标准。(3)食物可及性、自给率、贸易量均存在地域差异,非洲及南亚的部分国家是低值地区。(4)总体来看,全球人均每天热量与蛋白质供给量增加。低收入国家增速最快,中等收入国家增速次之,高收入国家增速最慢。但非洲、东南亚等地的一些欠发达国家仍未达到最低的营养标准,全球仍有一部分人处于营养不良状态。 相似文献
128.
To clarify the e ects of molecular weight of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the toxicity and bioavailability of copper (Cu) toplants, DOM extracted from chicken manure was ultra-filtered into four fractions according to their molecular weights by means ofsequential-stage ultrafiltration technique. Lettuce seeds were germinated by being exposed to the solutions containing Cu2+ with orwithout di erent fractions of DOM. The concentration of copper in roots, leaves, sprouts and the length of roots were investigated. Theresults showed that not all fractions of DOM could improve copper availability or toxicity. The fraction of DOM with larger molecularweight more than 1 kDa had higher complexation stability with Cu2+ and caused lower concentration of free Cu2+ ion in the solution ofcopper plus the fraction, resulting in lower availability and toxicity of copper to lettuce, but the fraction with molecular weight less than1 kDa had the opposite function. Therefore, the molecular weight of 1 kDa may be the division point to determine DOM to increase ordecrease copper availability and toxicity. 相似文献
129.
Shuangshuang Li Chun Wang Hongjie Qin Yinxia Li Jiaoli Zheng Chengrong Peng Dunhai Li 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2016,28(4):19-31
Biofilms have important effects on nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems.However,publications about the community structure and functions under laboratory conditions are rare.This study focused on the developmental and physiological properties of cultured biofilms under various phosphorus concentrations performed in a closely controlled continuous flow incubator.The results showed that the biomass(Chl a)and photosynthesis of algae were inhibited under P-limitation conditions,while the phosphatase activity and P assimilation rate were promoted.The algal community structure of biofilms was more likely related to the colonization stage than with the phosphorus availability.Cyanobacteria were more competitive than other algae in biofilms,particularly when cultured under low P levels.A dominance shift occurred from non-filamentous algae in the early stage to filamentous algae in the mid and late stages under P concentrations of 0.01,0.1 and 0.6 mg/L.However,the total N content,dry weight biomass and bacterial community structure of biofilms were unaffected by phosphorus availability.This may be attributed to the low respiration rate,high accumulation of extracellular polymeric substances and high alkaline phosphatase activity in biofilms when phosphorus availability was low.The bacterial community structure differed over time,while there was little difference between the four treatments,which indicated that it was mainly affected by the colonization stage of the biofilms rather than the phosphorus availability.Altogether,these results suggested that the development of biofilms was influenced by the phosphorus availability and/or the colonization stage and hence determined the role that biofilms play in the overlying water. 相似文献
130.
Parshant Kaushik Najam Akhtar Shakil Jitendra Kumar Mukesh Kumar Singh Manish Kumar Singh Shiv Kumar Yadav 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(8):677-685
Controlled release formulations of Thiram (Dimethylcarbamothioylsulfanyl-N,N-dimethylcarbamodithioate), a contact fungicide, have been prepared using laboratory synthesized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based functionalized amphiphilic copolymers. The kinetics of thiram from developed controlled release (CR) formulations were studied in comparison with that of the commercially available 75 WS. Release from the commercial formulation was faster than with the developed CR formulations. Maximum amount of thiram was released on 35th day for PEG-2000 4d, 28th day for PEG-1500 4c, 21st day for PEG-1000 4b and 15th day for PEG-600 4a in comparison to commercial formulation (7th day). The diffusion exponent (n) of thiram in water ranged from 0.356 to 0.545 in the tested formulations. The half-release (t1/2) values ranged between 14.78 to 22.1 days, and the Period of Optimum Availability (POA) of thiram ranged from 7.79 to 25.15 days. An effort has also been made to identify the suitable polymers that could reduce the seed deterioration during storage and also act as an effective carrier of fungicide thiram. The results demonstrate that the seeds coated with the different formulations deteriorated at a slower pace as manifested in high germination percentage over control. Apart from the fungicidal effect of thiram, the polymers acted as barriers to moisture reducing the rate of seed deterioration and checked the degradation of thiram. The CR formulation 4d, with PEG 2000, was found to be most effective as seed coat. 相似文献