Fractionation and speciation of arsenic in three tea gardens soil profiles and distribution of As in different parts of tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.)

The distribution pattern and fractionation of arsenic (As) in three soil profiles from tea (Camellia sinensis L.) gardens located in Karbi-Anglong (KA), Cachar (CA) and Karimganj (KG) districts in the state of Assam, India, were investigated depth-wise (0-10, 10-30, 30-60 and 60-100 cm). DTPA-extractable As was primarily restricted to surface horizons. Arsenic speciation study showed the presence of higher As(V) concentrations in the upper horizon and its gradual decrease with the increase in soil depths, following a decrease of Eh. As fractionation by sequential extraction in all the soil profiles showed that arsenic concentrations in the three most labile fractions (i.e., water-soluble, exchangeable and carbonate-bound fractions) were generally low. Most arsenic in soils was nominally associated with the organic and Fe-Mn oxide fractions, being extractable in oxidizing or reducing conditions. DTPA-extractable As (assumed to represent plant-available As) was found to be strongly correlated to the labile pool of As (i.e. the sum of the first three fractions). The statistical comparison of means (two-sample t-test) showed the presence of significant differences between the concentrations of As(III) and As(V) for different soil locations, depths and fractions. The risk assessment code (RAC) was found to be below the pollution level for all soils. The measurement of arsenic uptake by different parts of tea plants corroborated the hypothesis that roots act as a buffer and hold back contamination from the aerial parts.     

大型厂房消防安全设计评估

借鉴国际性能法规发展的经验,跟踪国际火灾科学研究前沿,着手研究和建立适用于我国新的建筑防火设计规范体系,已成为我国消防现代化建设的重要战略任务之一。作者以具体实例为对象,分别采用处方式和性能化设计方法进行建筑防火设计评估,演示两者设计过程和设计理论的差异。本文将是一组文章之一,针对一个大型边间厂房的具体设计按照处方式法规进行了评估,文章鉴别设计中不符合现行规范的条款并按规范提出修订方案,其阐述和讨论结果可为进一步进行火灾安全性能设计提供参考。有关的性能设计分析将在另一篇文章中详细介绍。     

Importance of dispersal routes that minimize open‐ocean movement to the genetic structure of island populations

Islands present a unique scenario in conservation biology, offering refuge yet imposing limitations on insular populations. The Kimberley region of northwestern Australia has more than 2500 islands that have recently come into focus as substantial conservation resources. It is therefore of great interest for managers to understand the driving forces of genetic structure of species within these island archipelagos. We used the ubiquitous bar‐shouldered skink (Ctenotus inornatus) as a model species to represent the influence of landscape factors on genetic structure across the Kimberley islands. On 41 islands and 4 mainland locations in a remote area of Australia, we genotyped individuals across 18 nuclear (microsatellite) markers. Measures of genetic differentiation and diversity were used in two complementary analyses. We used circuit theory and Mantel tests to examine the influence of the landscape matrix on population connectivity and linear regression and model selection based on Akaike's information criterion to investigate landscape controls on genetic diversity. Genetic differentiation between islands was best predicted with circuit‐theory models that accounted for the large difference in resistance to dispersal between land and ocean. In contrast, straight‐line distances were unrelated to either resistance distances or genetic differentiation. Instead, connectivity was determined by island‐hopping routes that allow organisms to minimize the distance of difficult ocean passages. Island populations of C. inornatus retained varying degrees of genetic diversity (N_A = 1.83 – 7.39), but it was greatest on islands closer to the mainland, in terms of resistance‐distance units. In contrast, genetic diversity was unrelated to island size. Our results highlight the potential for islands to contribute to both theoretical and applied conservation, provide strong evidence of the driving forces of population structure within undisturbed landscapes, and identify the islands most valuable for conservation based on their contributions to gene flow and genetic diversity.     

城市间PM2.5源的碳成分谱比较

为了解我国不同城市PM_2.5源的碳成分谱特征和地域差异,采集沈阳市、十堰市和乌鲁木齐市的燃煤源、柴油车尾气源、汽油车尾气源和餐饮源样品,使用热光透射法分析PM_2.5中的总碳（TC）、有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）,以及细分的8种碳组分（OC1,OC2,OC3,OC4,EC1,EC2,EC3和OPC_T）,构建各类污染源碳成分谱.结果表明：3个城市4类源TC/PM_2.5从高到低分别为：餐饮源（65.1%±8.4%）、柴油车尾气源（46.2%±9.5%）、汽油车尾气源（37.7%±3.5%）和燃煤源（17.3%±8.0%）;OC/TC在餐饮源中最高（98.0%±0.5%）,EC/TC在柴油车尾气源中最高（38.6%±8.5%）.3个城市同类源的碳组分含量受污染源细分后的不同类型影响有一定差异,但归一化处理后总体仍表现为燃煤源中OC2（14%~30%）和OC3（13%~23%）含量最高,柴油车尾气源中EC2（22%~56%）含量最高,汽油车尾气源中OC2（24%~41%）、OC1（16%~42%）和OC3（12%~26%）含量最高,餐饮源中OC2（21%~43%）和OC3（23%~49%）含量最高.不同污染源的OC/EC值为燃煤源在0.4~7.6之间,柴油车尾气源在0.2~5.6之间,汽油车尾气源在1.1~38.5之间,餐饮源在6.4~170.2之间.分歧系数结果显示3个城市不同源的碳成分谱具有差异性,同类源的碳成分谱具有相似性.将3个城市同类源碳成分谱合并后利用化学质量平衡灵敏度矩阵得到OC2,OC3,OC4,EC1和OPC_T可共同作为燃煤源的标识组分;EC2是柴油车尾气源的标识组分;OC1,OC2和OC3可共同作为汽油车尾气源的标识组分;OC2和OC3可共同作为餐饮源的标识组分.沈阳市、十堰市和乌鲁木齐市相同污染源相似的碳成分谱和一致的标识碳组分可为国内其他城市相关研究提供数据参考.     

典型有色金属矿山城市小河流沉积物重金属形态分布及风险评估

采用改进的Tessier连续提取法分析了铜陵市惠溪河表层沉积物中7种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、As)的形态分布,并以风险评价编码法(RAC)和平均沉积物质量基准系数法(SQG-Q)对沉积物重金属污染程度和生态风险进行评价.结果表明:①Cr和As主要以残渣态存在,Zn、Ni和Pb主要以残渣态和Fe-Mn氧化物结合态存在,Cu主要以有机结合态存在,Cd有机结合态的质量分数较低,其它几种形态大体接近.②Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb和As有效态的质量分数分别为46.48%、4.62%、4.05%、4.12%、9.17%、0.97%和0.03%;按照RAC判定,Cd对环境构成高风险,Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的环境危害处于低风险水平,Pb和As则无风险.③惠溪河沉积物SQG-Q均值为10.42,远大于1.0,表明该河流具有非常高的潜在生物毒性效应;Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb和As的PEL-Q系数分别为4.23、1.14、20.75、6.04、2.33、4.58和41.71,表明7种重金属的潜在生物毒性很大,不利生物效应将频繁发生.     

慢摇吧低音炮传递结构噪声控制研究

对于慢摇吧低音炮传递的结构噪声,采用新型隔声材料静馨隔声毡,结合岩棉等传统吸声材料,可克服传统吸隔声材料的低频吸隔声效果差和"吻合效应"等弱点,从而有效控制音炮传递的结构噪声。     

挥发性恶臭有机污染物的分子标志物研究进展

分子标志物技术一直是环境污染物来源识别和迁移转化机理研究的重要内容。挥发性恶臭有机物作为大气环境中一类极为特殊和复杂的有机污染物,目前采用分子标志物技术研究其来源识别和迁移转化过程甚为薄弱,因此尤其值得关注。文章介绍了该类污染物分子标志物的国内外研究进展,从其来源、测试技术、大气化学污染特征和源识别方法等方面进行阐述,指出了今后的研究方向。