基于SEM的不安全行为与其意向关系的研究

为检验不安全行为与不安全行为意向的关系,基于计划行为理论(TPB),对7个煤矿的735名一线作业人员进行问卷调查,收集工人被记录的和未被记录的不安全行为数据。采用结构方程模型(SEM)对不安全行为意向与不安全行为之间的关系进行分析。结果表明:安全行为态度、班组安全氛围、不安全行为风险认知偏差与不安全行为意向显著相关(路径系数分别为-0.36,-0.23和-0.57);不安全行为意向与不安全行为显著相关(路径系数为0.85);行为风险认知偏差与不安全行为显著相关(路径系数为0.51);而安全行为态度、班组安全氛围与不安全行为的关系并不显著。     

行人违章过街行为心理成因分析及预测

为深入了解行人在交叉口违章过街行为,调查影响行人在长周期信号控制交叉口违章过街的心理成因,采用计划行为理论(TPB)制作了行人违章过街心理行为问卷。利用此问卷,对上海居民进行过街违章心理研究,得到250个覆盖各年龄层的有效样本。信度效度分析验证了行人违章过街心理行为问卷能够用来解析行人的违章过街心理成因。在对问卷中自述违章过街行为和心理要素的聚类分析筛除明显隐瞒自身违章过街行为的行人后,对心理要素和现实行为违章行为进行判别分析。结果表明:问卷中2个TPB的心理要素:知觉行为控制和行为意向能够用来推测行人的实际违章行为,准确率为73.9%。其中,代表行人对交叉口交通情况和自身时间约束的心理要素知觉行为控制对行人违章行为有关键的影响。     

固体废物环境管理中存在的廉政风险与防范研究

固体废物具有"废物"和"资源"的双重属性,固体废物环境管理是从其产生、收集、贮存、转移、处置利用的全过程管理。文章阐述了当前固体废物管理工作面临的严峻形势,主要表现在企业对固体废物的认识不足、危险废物底数不清、危险废物处置能力不足、监管能力不足等方面。在此基础上,初步探析了固体废物管理中存在的廉政风险,主要产生于危险废物转移审批、危险废物经营许可证办理、进口固体废物许可证办理、环境监管执法过程中,并提出了减少固体废物环境管理廉政风险的对策和建议。     

可持续发展中的规划问题

本文首先从系统论的角度对规划的本质特征进行了初步的探讨。阐述了规划作为一种手段在社会可持续发展中的意义。规划是将现实世界与理性世界的人类生活模式和思维模式整合在一起的过程。使社会有序、和谐的运行。规划的体系结构由战略规划、整体规划、部门规划、空间规划构成，在规划的层次性和时效性的关联下而形成。规划的对象和内容依人们对自然(生态)秩序、社会秩序、政治秩序、技术秩序和经济秩序等的不同理解和追求而具体确定。     

故障树分析法在安全完整性等级计算中的应用

在介绍故障树分析方法的基础上,重点分析了定量的故障树分析计算方法。以丙烯腈装置中的反应器压力高联锁回路为例,阐述了此方法在具体装置中的应用,结果表明具有很好的工程实用性。     

2种有机磷农药联合胁迫下日本青鳉的逐级行为响应

采用水质安全在线生物预警系统(BEWs)记录行为强度数据,探讨了2种有机磷农药敌百虫和对硫磷联合胁迫下,不同暴露浓度、不同暴露时间日本青鳉的行为响应.在不同浓度比例的农药暴露中,20、10、5、1和0.1TU的暴露浓度下行为反应时间分别为:1.4、4.8、6.4、32.2和43.0h,并且每个浓度不同配比之间行为反应时间差异不明显.结果表明,在2种有机磷农药的暴露下,日本青鳉的逐级行为响应既受化合物浓度高低的影响,又受暴露时间的影响,但每个浓度的不同配比之间的行为响应时间差异不明显,而且每个浓度2种药物不同配比暴露下的青鳉鱼的逐级行为响应基本一致,即2种作用机制相似的有机磷农药对日本青鳉的行为毒性是简单的相加作用.     

Effects of observability and complexity on farmers’ adoption of environmental practices

The ability of both regulators and farmers themselves to monitor the impact of environmental practices may be an issue with nonpoint source pollution. Effects that can be perceived via direct sensory evidence provide information at low cost. Results from a survey of livestock farmers suggest that a practice that has more obvious effects on water quality, manure application setbacks, is more likely to be adopted than a more complicated one with less visible effects, manure testing. Farmers’ perceptions of the profitability of the two practices were similar. The importance of observability and complexity has implications for educational programs.     

Salinity as a Limiting Factor for Biological Condition in Mining‐Influenced Central Appalachian Headwater Streams

Recent studies have found that Appalachian coal mining causes increased surface water salinity, and that benthic macroinvertebrate communities in salinized mining‐influenced streams differ from communities in streams draining unmined areas. Understanding the role of salinity in shaping these communities is challenging because such streams are often influenced by a variety of stressors in addition to salinity. We characterized associations of salinity with biotic condition while isolating salinity from other stressors through rigorous site selection. We used a multimetric index of biotic condition to characterize benthic macroinvertebrate communities in headwater streams in the Central Appalachian Ecoregion of Virginia across a gradient of sulfate‐dominated salinity. We found strong negative seasonal correlations between biotic condition and three salinity measures (specific conductance, total dissolved solids, and SO₄^2? concentration). We found no evidence to suggest stressors other than salinity as significant influences on biotic condition in these streams. Our results confirm negative associations of salinity with benthic macroinvertebrate community condition, as observed in other studies. Thus, our findings demonstrate that elevated salinity is an important limiting factor for biological condition in Central Appalachian headwater streams.     

Microsatellite length polymorphisms associated with dispersal-related agonistic onset in male wild house mice (Mus musculus domesticus)

Dispersal propensity, reflecting one of the most decisive mammalian life history traits, has been suggested to vary heritably and to locally adapt to prevailing dispersal conditions in wild house mouse populations. Because individual dispersal propensity highly significantly covaries with the developmental timing of the onset of agonistic interactions between littermate brothers, we used agonistic onset as an endophenotype to explore the potential genetic basis of dispersal-related behavioral variation in male house mice. We found significant covariation of microsatellite marker compositions with the probability of fraternal pairs to exhibit agonistic relationships before the age of 2 months. In particular, the presence of two alleles associated with a serotonin transporter protein gene (Slc6a4) and a testosterone dehydrogenase gene (Cyp3a11), respectively, strongly covaried with the probability of early agonistic onset. These results are congruent with recent findings of microsatellite length polymorphisms marking regulatory variation of gene expression that is relevant for social behavior, including dispersal propensity development, in other mammals. Genetic variability for ontogenetic timing of agonistic onset would be in agreement with genotypic differentiation of the dispersive behavioral syndrome in natural populations that could lead to local adaptation.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.