水生态完整性监测评价的基准与参照状态探究

水生态完整性评价通过对水生态系统中不同生态组分(非生物和生物)的监测,整合物理栖息地、环境水质和生物特征形成综合评价指数来反映水生态系统健康状况,是流域水环境管理的重要手段。笔者尝试从水生态完整性评价中基准与参照状态的核心要素出发,探讨基准与参照状态的概念框架与具体定义,综述评价参照状态的四大类确定方法(基于分类学的参照位点法、历史数据法,针对特定位点的模型预测法以及提供经验解释与描述的专家判断法),并对参照状态研究的挑战与应用予以展望。     

A new context-based approach to assess marine mammal behavioral responses to anthropogenic sounds

Acute effects of anthropogenic sounds on marine mammals, such as from military sonars, energy development, and offshore construction, have received considerable international attention from scientists, regulators, and industry. Moreover, there has been increasing recognition and concern about the potential chronic effects of human activities (e.g., shipping). It has been demonstrated that increases in human activity and background noise can alter habitats of marine animals and potentially mask communications for species that rely on sound to mate, feed, avoid predators, and navigate. Without exception, regulatory agencies required to assess and manage the effects of noise on marine mammals have addressed only the acute effects of noise on hearing and behavior. Furthermore, they have relied on a single exposure metric to assess acute effects: the absolute sound level received by the animal. There is compelling evidence that factors other than received sound level, including the activity state of animals exposed to different sounds, the nature and novelty of a sound, and spatial relations between sound source and receiving animals (i.e., the exposure context) strongly affect the probability of a behavioral response. A more comprehensive assessment method is needed that accounts for the fact that multiple contextual factors can affect how animals respond to both acute and chronic noise. We propose a three-part approach. The first includes measurement and evaluation of context-based behavioral responses of marine mammals exposed to various sounds. The second includes new assessment metrics that emphasize relative sound levels (i.e., ratio of signal to background noise and level above hearing threshold). The third considers the effects of chronic and acute noise exposure. All three aspects of sound exposure (context, relative sound level, and chronic noise) mediate behavioral response, and we suggest they be integrated into ecosystem-level management and the spatial planning of human offshore activities.     

水环境中重金属铜暴露下青鳉鱼的行为响应

本研究采用生物行为传感器监测青鳉鱼重金属铜暴露下的行为数据,分析不同暴露浓度(20、10、5、1和0.1 TU)下青鳉鱼的行为响应。20、10、5、1和0.1 TU的暴露浓度下青鳉鱼对重金属污染的行为反应模式符合环境胁迫阈值模型,且不同浓度梯度重金属对青鳉鱼产生不同的行为毒性效应。通过本研究,利用重金属作用下青鳉鱼的行为变化来研究重金属环境胁迫导致的生物行为响应机制,从而得到重金属暴露下生物行为的实时变化过程和趋势,可对水环境生态系统质量进行综合评价。     

PICABUE: a methodological framework for the development of indicators of sustainable development

SUMMARY

Significant interest in the concept of sustainable development exists amongst scientists, planners, policy makers and the public, and considerable effort and expenditure is made or envisaged at local, national and international levels to promote a more sustainable society. Until ‘green accounting’ and similar systems are made available and are implemented, the sustainability indicator will be the most effective tool available for monitoring progress towards a more sustainable society. Sustainability indicators are already available but are characterized by a poor or absent theoretical underpinning. This paper addresses this problem by proposing a methodological framework that can be applied to the construction of indicators of sustainable development. In order to be consistent with widely accepted definitions of sustainable development, considerations relating to the measurement of quality of life and ecological integrity are central to the methodology. The methodological framework has relevance to a variety of spatial scales and to geographically diverse areas (urban or rural, developed or developing countries) so that a suite of sustainability indicators can be produced that is tailored to the needs and resources of the indicator user, but which remains rooted firmly in the fundamental principles of sustainable development.     

农业巨灾影响下农民风险态度的行为经济学分析

通过借鉴行为经济学前景理论分析框架,构建了判定农业巨灾风险下农民风险态度的抽象模型。分析表明,面对农业巨灾风险,由于外界环境的不确定和信息不对称等因素的影响,农民对农业巨灾风险的认知能力不足,有限理性的实现程度偏低。同时,受非贝叶斯法则、代表性法则、锚定效应、从众行为和框架效应等的外界偏差性行为显著干扰的情况下,农民非理性选择很大程度上会主导个体的行为,农民极易出现风险偏好的倾向。     

High speed ball nose end milling of hardened AISI A2 tool steel with PCBN and coated carbide tools

High speed machining (HSM) of tool steels in their hardened state is emerging as an attractive approach for the mold and die industry due to its potential for significant cost savings and productivity improvement. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the tool wear mechanism and surface integrity in high speed ball nose end milling of hardened AISI A2 tool steel using coated tungsten carbide and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools. It is found that coated carbide tools can only be used at low speed (120 m/min) while high content PCBN tools are suitable for HSM range (470 m/min). PCBN tools produce a damage free workpiece with better surface finish and less work hardening. Despite the higher tool cost, HSM with PCBN tools lead to reduction in both total cost and production time per part.     

An approach for identifying the causes of benthic degradation in Chesapeake Bay

We developed an index to differentiate between low dissolved oxygen effects and sediment contamination effects for sites classified as degraded by the Chesapeake Bay Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (B-IBI), using discriminant analysis. We tested 126 metrics for differences between sites with low dissolved oxygen and sites with contaminated sediments. A total of 16 benthic community metrics met the variable selection criteria and were used to develop a discriminant function that classified degraded sites into one of two stress groups. The resulting discriminant function correctly classified 77% of the low dissolved oxygen sites and 80% of the contaminated sites in the validation data.     

基于一体化生态空间格局的土地利用/覆被变化及其生态环境效应——以长三角为例

区域一体化发展背景下,一体化生态空间格局的构建及其生态环境效应评估兼具丰富生态系统完整性和关联性研究的理论价值、指导生态空间跨区域协同保护的现实意义.以长三角一体化区域为案例,基于生态系统完整性和关联性,开展生态过程模拟和潜在生态廊道识别研究,构建跨区域、一体化的生态空间格局;基于2000—2018年土地利用数据,解析生态空间格局的土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）,核算生态空间格局的生态环境效应及其变化,分析污染物排放与生态环境质量的关系.结果表明,长三角地区的潜在生态廊道和一体化生态空间格局涵盖大部分城市,并主要分布在江苏沿江、安徽南部和浙江东南部地区;生态空间格局内生态用地占据主导,建设用地有缓慢增长的态势,导致生态环境质量有所降低;浙江东南部、安徽南部城市生态环境质量较高,且保持相对稳定;生态廊道内部缓冲区的生态环境质量较高,适合作为构建一体化生态空间格局、维护区域生态安全的主要载体;污染物排放与一体化生态空间的生态环境质量存在一定负相关关系,未来需要采取针对性措施以同步促进污染物减排和提升生态环境质量.     

露天矿开采对区域生态完整性的影响研究—田家沟矿区钛磁铁矿为例

在介绍生态完整性的概念及其度量方法的基础上,以湖北省丹江口市田家沟矿区钛磁铁矿为例,从自然体系生产力、景观生态体系质量与生态系统脆弱性3个方面,阐述了露天矿开采对区域生态完整性产生的影响。结果表明：区域生物生产力的变化仅局限于项目区内;作为模地的林地优势度值从84．64％降低到80．15％,下降的幅度较小,恢复稳定性和阻抗稳定性变化也不大;各植被群落的脆弱性均属于轻微脆弱,在受到人为干扰时,森林生态系统具有稳定性和可恢复性。因此工程建设对区域生态完整性的影响在可承受的范围之内。     

河流健康评价中不同标准化方法的应用与比较

年5月与2010年5—6月对浑太河流域开展大型底栖动物野外生态调查,分别使用水质法(水质指标标准化法)、栖境法(栖息地质量评价指标标准化法)和综合法(水质与栖息地质量评价指标结合的标准化法)筛选参照点和受损点,构建IBI(生物完整性指数)以对研究区域的健康状况作出评价. 结果表明:不同标准化方法筛选的参照点与受损点不同,其中,水质法与栖境法筛选的参照点与受损点数量多于综合法. 不同标准化方法构建的IBI核心参数不同,仅有4个参数〔总分类单元数、EPT分类单元数(蜉蝣目、積翅目、毛翅目三目昆虫分类单元数之和)、耐污类群相对丰度和黏附者相对丰度〕为3种方法所共有. 不同标准化方法对河流健康的评价结果不同,其中,水质法与栖境法对浑太河健康状况的评价等级整体高于综合法. 比较不同标准化方法选择参照点的准确率可知,栖境法的准确率(75%)优于水质法(50%)和综合法(67%);而在选择受损点的准确率中,水质法(100%)和综合法(100%)均优于栖境法(89％).