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91.
92.
    
To avoid major accidents caused by runaway reactions, a new safety concept called SmartHIP1 is introduced, with the objective to prevent runaway reactions and avoid emissions. The basic principle is based on an online model-based approach by using safety instrumented systems. Different criteria exist for calculating the hazard potential of a runaway reaction and its early detection. The approaches of the literature from the last years are analysed and divided into three different groups: Divergence, Accumulation and Adiabatic Criterion. Each approach is compared to the other by applying it to an esterification reaction of acetic anhydride with methanol. The approaches are evaluated according to different requirements, like accuracy, wide range of application or reliability.  相似文献   
93.
Safety instrumented systems (SIS) are becoming increasingly complex, and form a growing proportion of programmable electronic parts. The IEC 61508 global standard was established to ensure the functional safety of SIS; however, it was expressed in highly macroscopic terms. The safety integrity level (SIL) is a criterion describing whether a component meets the safety requirements of a SIS. The safety requirements give a target SIL for the expected risks using hazard analysis and risk assessment (HARA). The SIL must correspond to the safety requirements. This study introduces an evaluation process for determining the hardware SIL through failure modes, effects, and diagnostic analysis (FMEDA). First, the components of the SIS subsystem are defined in terms of failure modes and effects, and then the failure rate and failure mechanism distribution are assigned to each component. The safety mode and detectability of each failure mode are determined for each component and, finally, the hardware SIL is evaluated. We perform a case study to evaluate the hardware SIL of the flame scanner system using HARA and FMEDA, where the safety requirement of the flame scanner was determined using the risk graph method. We verified that the hardware SIL of the flame scanner corresponded to the safety requirement.  相似文献   
94.
建立系统完善的安全管理体系是保障油气管道安全运行的基础。通过分析加拿大立法特点,梳理国家层面和地方层面管道安全监管机构设置与职责,研究管道安全法规体系,明确了加拿大油气管道安全监管体制和全生命周期安全管理体系。研究了管道企业安全管理体系和管道全生命周期各个阶段的关键工作,分析了行业协会在管道安全管理方面发挥的积极作用,掌握了管道完整性管理方面的经验与成果。在此基础上对中加油气管道安全管理情况进行了对比分析,从重视管道安全监管立法、建立全生命周期安全管理体系、完善油气管道标准规范、实施管道完整性管理、建立统一呼叫系统和管道地图系统、鼓励社会各方共同参与管道保护等方面提出了加强我国油气管道安全管理的建议措施。研究成果对于完善我国油气管道安全管理体系具有指导作用。  相似文献   
95.
IEC 61508和IEC 61511等标准针对连续工艺装置提出了安全仪表系统安全完整性等级评估方法。但对于间歇装置的SIL评估,受人因因素影响水平并未明确,且没有提出相应计算模型。以某六氟磷酸锂间歇生产装置典型SIS为例,采用HAZOP结合LOPA方法对其进行风险分析,在明确间歇生产装置存在人员中毒、窒息及燃烧爆炸风险的基础上,确定并验证其安全仪表系统的SIL,再依据间歇生产装置人工依赖性高,即部分安全仪表系统未接入自动联锁且需人工手动触发的特点,建立人因可靠性模型,来分析人因可靠性对安全仪表系统SIL的影响,并进行改进研究。研究结果表明:人因因素对安全仪表系统SIL有显著影响;可通过改变SIS元件冗余结构、测试策略并结合改进人因管理措施来提高SIL。  相似文献   
96.
Functional safety is related to the safety functions of a safety-related system that uses electrical/electronic/programmable (E/E/PE) devices such as sensors, logic solvers, and final elements. A legacy system is a safety-related system which offers safety functions but which was not designed to comply with the IEC 61508 standard. This paper presents a procedure for assessing the hardware safety integrity of a legacy system so as to confirm its functional safety. The procedure defines the systematic relationship between the safety function and hardware system using a function-structure map (FSM) and assesses the hardware safety integrity centered on the safety function. The proposed procedure is applied to a boiler control system of a fossil-fuel power plant.  相似文献   
97.
    
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is presently one of the most interesting topics in the field of consumer behavior. However, not enough is known about the underlying mechanisms that explain how and when consumer CSR perceptions shape consumer behaviors such as loyalty. The present study proposes and demonstrates that CSR positively influences consumer loyalty through two mediators (how), which are gratitude -an emotion- and commitment -an attitude-; regional identity is also introduced for the first time as a moderator on those relationships (when). Two studies, based on two different consumer samples with reference to two different food retailers, are conducted to test these hypotheses. The results support the hypotheses and prove the mediation effects. Furthermore, they provide evidence of how consumers' regional identity moderates the model's indirect effects and they also reveal the conditional nature of these effects. This study's outcomes have theoretical contributions and implications for marketers.  相似文献   
98.
武潭  高晓蕾  刘静怡  徐博 《安全》2019,40(1):28-33
论文在介绍安全仪表系统、安全完整性等级的基本原理基础上,综合分析了危险与可操作性分析(HAZOP)、保护层分析(LOPA)等系统风险分析理论的应用方法。并结合上述理论,确定了安全仪表系统的安全完整性等级(SIL)定级。以合成氨装置为例,应用HAZOP及保护层分析方法,得出了合成塔压力过高及废热锅炉液位过低2个场景下的安全完整性SIL等级。结果表明:合成塔装置仪表的SIL等级为1,废热锅炉仪表的SIL等级为2。  相似文献   
99.
    
Long-term changes of fish biotic integrity in the Sanmenxia Wetland,North China,since the 1950 s were assessed using the fish index of biological integrity(FIBI). The water and sediment quality was evaluated by the water quality index(WQI) and sediment pollution index(SPI). The results showed that FIBI continuously decreased from 46 to 20 during the past 5 decades,which indicated that the fish community state shifted from fair to very poor conditions,and damming by itself did not affect the fish biotic integrity. At the same time,WQI fell from 83 to 44.1,and SPI increased from 0.99 to 2.14 since the 1960 s,resulting from fast regional socio-economic development and insufficient wastewater treatment. Correlation analysis suggested that water quality significantly affected biotic integrity(r = 0.867,p 〈 0.05) through direct effects on the fish community. As a representative example of many wetlands in North China,our study clearly demonstrated that the biological integrity was degraded,induced both by water quality deterioration and sediment pollution,further driven by the contradiction between rapid development of regional economy and lagging development of sewage treatment facilities,which were thought to be the main factor responsible for the degradation of biological integrity.  相似文献   
100.
The functional role of differentiation with respect to local population density, expression of responses to the presence of other individuals, and body weight has been analyzed from an ecoenergetic standpoint with consideration of known mathematical laws. The results indicate that increased variation in these parameters (i.e., their higher diversity) improves the efficiency of energy flow through the animal population: the input of energy increases, while its expenditures decrease. The greatest effect is achieved when the population is divided into alternative modal groups.  相似文献   
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