基于期望运行轨迹的车道变换行为安全性分析

为解决车道变换行为对交通运行安全影响的定量分析难题,基于车辆和驾驶员行为特性,构建车道变换行为期望运行轨迹,提出基于缓和曲线的轨迹形式,并结合车道变换行为引发的4种碰撞形式,在车辆运行纵向和横向分别构建安全运行判断方程和安全运行限制方程,分析安全距离对运行速度和车辆侧向加速度梯度的敏感度,给出车道变换行为安全运行判断方程的应用案例。研究结果表明,侧向加速度的变化梯度直接影响车道变换的安全性。     

基于斑马鱼行为变化的水体突发汞污染生物预警技术研究

针对突发水污染事件难以准确预警的现状,通过模拟水体突发汞污染事件,开展了以生物鱼行为变化为基础的水质生物预警技术研究。以正常水体中斑马鱼的行为变化为基础,采用高速摄像跟踪技术,解析了突发汞污染(0.1mg/L)水体中斑马鱼游动行为(游动速度、高度、转弯次数、加速度)和通讯行为(平均距离、分散度)等行为指标的变化,结果表明:综合评价指标水质健康指数6h内无法预警,以游动高度作为水体突发汞污染事件的监测预警指标,可将预警时间缩短至3h。     

More than good intentions: the role of conditions in personal transportation behaviour

Engaging individuals in pro-environmental behaviours is critical to addressing today’s environmental challenges. This study examines how conditions – or an individual’s context – influence action. Through semi-structured narrative interviews and document analysis, we examined the influence of conditions in five individual cases involving attempted change in personal transportation behaviour. The cases, studied over the course of one year, are derived from participants in a sustainability institute, representing a range of attempted behaviours, and highlight numerous potential barriers to desired pro-environmental behaviours. We found that the degree of engagement with sustainable transportation primarily was influenced by the amount and intensity of supportive conditions relative to barriers. Participants who successfully engaged in their desired transportation-related pro-environmental behaviours experienced physical, social, and learning conditions that promoted competence and satisfaction. We discuss the implications for designing interventions that encourage pro-environmental behaviours.     

PFOA对斑马鱼胚胎发育、行为和DNA损伤的毒性研究

全氟辛酸(PFOA)是一种分布广泛的环境持久性有机污染物,在野生动物与人体内普遍被检出.目前PFOA发育毒性的特点和机制尚未阐明,已有的研究显示,PFOA毒性与受试物种及性别密切相关.因此,利用不同物种进行PFOA毒性研究对阐明其毒性机制十分重要.本研究选用了斑马鱼这种理想的脊椎动物模型,考察了PFOA暴露对其胚胎发育的自主运动、心跳、行为、细胞凋亡和DNA损伤的影响.研究发现,始于6 hpf的PFOA暴露会导致斑马鱼胚胎自主运动异常,心率降低,且具有一定的剂量依赖性;6～24 hpf的高浓度的PFOA暴露(＞414.0 mg·L-1)会导致胚胎发生显著的细胞凋亡,凋亡主要出现在眼部、头部、心     

Effect of scale on trait predictors of species responses to agriculture

Species persistence in human‐altered landscapes can depend on factors operating at multiple spatial scales. To understand anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity, it is useful to examine relationships between species traits and their responses to land‐use change. A key knowledge gap concerns whether these relationships vary depending on the scale of response under consideration. We examined how local‐ and large‐scale habitat variables influence the occupancy dynamics of a bird community in cloud forest zones in the Colombian Chocó‐Andes. Using data collected across a continuum of forest and agriculture, we examined which traits best predict species responses to local variation in farmland and which traits best predict species responses to isolation from contiguous forest. Global range size was a strong predictor of species responses to agriculture at both scales; widespread species were less likely to decline as local habitat cover decreased and as distance from forest increased. Habitat specialization was a strong predictor of species responses only at the local scale. Open‐habitat species were particularly likely to increase as pasture increased, but they were relatively insensitive to variation in distance to forest. Foraging plasticity and flocking behavior were strong predictors of species responses to distance from forest, but not their responses to local habitat. Species with lower plasticity in foraging behaviors and obligate flock‐following species were more likely to decline as distance from contiguous forest increased. For species exhibiting these latter traits, persistence in tropical landscapes may depend on the protection of larger contiguous blocks of forest, rather than the integration of smaller‐scale woodland areas within farmland. Species listed as threatened or near threatened on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List were also more likely to decline in response to both local habitat quality and isolation from forest relative to least‐concern species, underlining the importance of contiguous forests for threatened taxa.     

湖南小城市居民娱乐休闲意向研究

为了准确把握湖南省城市居民娱乐休闲意向的特征及其影响因素,进行了一项辅助和补充研究。通过对宁乡和常德的居民抽样调查得到基础数据,运用因子分析和聚类法得出3个大类生活形态相异的细分市场,采用对应分析和多重反应分析,得出了不同生活形态细分市场的娱乐休闲意向差异,为湖南省的娱乐市场营销问题提供基础数据和结论。     

Effects of Population Size on Singing Behavior of a Rare Duetting Songbird

Although the genetic and ecological effects of population declines in endangered species have been well studied, little is known of the social consequences. Changes in signaling behavior may result in disrupted communication and affect both reproductive and conflict‐resolution activities. The North Island Kōkako (Callaeas wilsoni) is an endangered, duetting (i.e., alternating, coordinated singing by mated pairs) songbird endemic to New Zealand temperate rain forests. Scattered populations (approximately 1500 individuals in 13 surviving and 11 translocated populations) in isolated conservation areas of different sizes have been rescued from extirpation and are currently recovering. We examined key song attributes of the Kōkako to assess whether population size or growth rate are related to song complexity, the reduction of which may compromise effective communication. We analyzed song repertoire size and phrase‐type sharing (i.e., Jaccard index of similarity), vocal performance (singing rates, song switching rates, and diversity of phrase types), and song syntactical characteristics (i.e., unpredictability in sequences of phrase types) in surviving and translocated populations (populations of approximately 19–250 territorial individuals). Population size was positively correlated with a population's song repertoire, song diversity, and switching of song phrase types and negatively correlated with shared phrase types and variation in syntactical structure of songs. Population growth rate correlated positively with pair repertoire size, population repertoire size, and singing rates during song bouts. As for solo‐singing species in fragmented landscapes, songs in the fragmented populations of Kōkako appear to be undergoing microevolution as occurs in island colonization events. Our results suggest that vocal changes in small populations could affect population establishment and growth, particularly in multiple‐source translocations. We believe measurement of vocal behavior could be used as a supplement to periodic population censuses to allow more frequent monitoring of population size. Efectos de la Conducta de Canto sobre el Tamaño Poblacional de una Ave Canora Rara     

氰戊菊酯和氯化镉暴露下日本青鳉的行为反应差异

以天然河流中的日本青鳉(Oryzias latipes)行为变化规律为基础,采用水质安全在线生物预警系统(BEWs-1.1)对氰戊菊酯和氯化镉暴露下日本青鳉的行为反应进行了探讨.结果表明:1)在源水中,日本青鳉行为反应具有明显规律性,并表现出生物钟现象;2)氰戊菊酯和氯化镉连续暴露和间断暴露中,日本青鳉行为反应与污染物浓度和暴露时间均直接相关,并表现出相似的行为变化规律性,行为变化均符合生物行为的环境胁迫阈模型;3)高浓度(10mg·L-1)氯化镉间断暴露下的日本青鳉行为强度变化与低浓度(2mg·L-1)连续暴露下的行为强度变化差别不明显,而高浓度(10mg·L-1)氰戊菊酯间断暴露下的日本青鳉行为强度变化与低浓度(2mg·L-1)连续暴露时具有明显差异,高浓度暴露时产生了明显的行为毒性效应;4)器官损伤性污染物(如镉)引起的行为毒性效应在重新加入源水后可以得到部分恢复,而神经损伤性污染物(如氰戊菊酯)不可恢复,污染物不同的作用机理会影响水生生物的行为反应.     

企业安全文化管理技术体系理论与实践探讨

为推动企业安全文化建设,实现不同群体行为安全整体协同发展,应用协同理论、自适应性管理及行为安全等方法,架构了企业安全文化管理技术体系。该技术体系强调安全文化整体提升需要外部推动力(企业例行的安全管理制度)及内部自驱力(员工安全文化自律提升)协同发展,最终实现由外部推动力向内部自驱力的转化。将构建的技术体系引入试点矿进行有效性验证,并运行2个周期。运行评估结果表明,试点矿不同群体对安全文化意识均呈整体提升,增长幅度比较大的是高层管理者(55.13%),其次是中层管理者(4.74%),一线员工层(4.48%)、培训层(3.69%)。     

炼油厂行为安全体系实施和维护

本文是以价值为中心基于小组的行为安全体系在炼油厂实施的案例跟踪调查研究。员工安全小组定义了炼油厂安全价值和并制定了用于指导体系设计和实施的相关原则。行为安全体系包括:(a)安全评估;(b)安全相关价值和相关实践的说明;(c)程序设计和执行概观;(d)安全观察培训;(e)反馈、认可和庆典;(f)程序维护。20年来的数据统计及分析,印证行为安全体系对记录在案、工时损失等安全事件及相关直接成本具有长期效应。行为安全体系实施的8年中,记录在案安全事件降低81%,工时损失的案例减少了79%,年工人赔偿成本下降97%。本文纳入对炼油厂副总裁的采访内容,主要是为读者展示行为安全体系对炼油厂安全文化的影响。