Simulation of 137Cs Migration over the Soil–Plant System of Peat Soils Contaminated after the Chernobyl Accident

A mathematical model was constructed to simulate the processes of ¹³⁷Cs migration in peat soils and its uptake by vegetation. Model parameters were assessed and the pattern of ¹³⁷Cs distribution over soil profile was predicted in case of peat soils, which are typical of the Russian regions contaminated after the Chernobyl accident. The ecological half-life of ¹³⁷Cs in the plant-root soil zone was calculated, and a long-term prognosis of the radionuclide uptake by plants was made.     

The Conservation Status and Conservation Strategy of Picea neoveitchii

Picea neoveitchii is an endemic species in China. It had been listed as an endangered species in red data books. It scatters in several locations of south slope of the Qinling Mountain of China. Upon reviewing the related literature, discussing with leading scholars on gymnosperm, ecology and plant conservation, the field survey was carried out in four locations. There are eleven mature individuals and two seedlings surviving in its natural habitats. With the survey of quadrat method in four locations, related community index were calculated such as relative important value （RIV）, species richness, similarity index, diversity index and evenness index etc. The community could be sorted and characterized as three groups based on the community parameters. The analysis of vegetation table elucidates that Picea neoveitchii is a dominant species with low grouping rate in most surveyed sites. The RAPD analysis shows target species has intraspecific genetic variability. The estimation of Shannon＇s phenotypic diversity index （Ho） also explains the difference of genetic variations of different locations. Due to the lack of enough knowledge and professional guide of conservation biological perspective, Picea neoveitchii had been clear-cut for timber production. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy declined rapidly from 1950s to 1990s. According to the Conservation Category guideline proposed by the World Conservation Union, the conservation status of Picea neoveitchii was reevaluated as Critically Endangered （CR） B2b C2a D. Upon research in areas of ecology, molecular biology, cluster analysis of environmental parameters, a practical conservation strategy is recommended in this research.     

全球可持续发展与国际合作

本文认为环境生态是全球可持续发展的重要组成部分,必须在全球范围内,通过有效的国际合作和国际协调来加以解决。作者认为:国际合作应在国际性河流流域管理方面发挥重要作用。对全球温室效应问题,国际组织应重视科学研究,协调各国政府在能源税收、补贴和开发再生能源方面取得进展。此外,在保护地球生物多样性方面,国际组织可调试债务与自然环境互换机制。     

Approaches to Quantitative Assessment of Biological Damage to Forest Communities under Technogenic Load

General trends in simplification of the structure and composition of forest communities in the zone of impact from the metallurgical industry are revealed. The load of toxicants is estimated from the concentrations of heavy metals in the snow and soil. The method is proposed for assessing biological damage on the basis of the main characteristics of phytocenosis, such as its species diversity and the cenotic significance of its structural components. The resultant integrated index of phytocenosis preservation (IIP _p) characterizes the degree of biological damage, and its value depends on the load of toxicants and resistance of plant communities characteristic of different natural zones.     

Elements of Carbon Balance in Oligotrophic Bogs

Elements of carbon balance of oligotrophic bogs were studied using an example of the landscape profile of the Klyuch River in 1998–2000. Carbon balance was preliminarily calculated taking into account the biological productivity, release of carbon dioxide and methane, and carbon outflow with bog waters. Based on the data obtained on the carbon inflow and outflow, the conclusion was made concerning the progressive peat formation in the region studied.     

城市污水再生处理工艺中发光细菌毒性变化的初步研究

保障再生水的生态安全是污水再生利用过程中非常关键的问题.本文采用发光细菌毒性测试方法测定了2个城市污水再生利用示范工程工艺流程中生物毒性的变化,尤其是可能生成有毒副产物的氯消毒过程中的毒性变化.结果表明,二级生物处理能显著降低污水的发光细菌毒性,但氯消毒显著提高了污水的毒性,并且脱氯后污水的毒性仍保持较高的水平,对生态安全造成了潜在威胁.同时,通过比较2种污水水质发现,DOC(溶解性有机碳含量)和UV254(254 nm处的紫外吸收值)较高的水样,消毒后的毒性较大,认为DOC和UV254可望作为预测污水消毒生态风险的水质指标,为污水消毒实践中确定安全合理的污水水质条件提供一定的依据.     

新型聚乙烯填料生物滴滤床净化硫化氢气体的启动研究

研究了新型高密度聚乙烯改良型拉西环填料生物滴滤床净化硫化氢气体的启动过程,重点比较了启动过程中不同的挂膜方式对启动时间及效能的影响.结果表明,采用液相连续流强化挂膜法成膜时间短,在环境温度20～28℃时7 d可以挂膜成功.在启动过程中,随着工艺参数的突然改变(GRT缩短)和入口浓度波动,液相连续流强化挂膜后反应器的硫化氢去除率更稳定.在进气浓度最高为343 mg/m³时硫化氢去除率稳定在95%以上.试验过程中还发现,将SO₄^2-浓度作为活性污泥驯化完成的监测指标、液相S^2-去除率作为挂膜完成的监测指标更合理.启动结束后,通过2种途径减去喷淋液中的碳源并未影响硫化氢的去除率,这进一步表明生物滴滤床中硫化氢的净化主要由自养菌完成.     

潮土施镍对小白菜的生物效应及其临界值研究

研究潮土施Ni对盆栽蔬菜的生态效应,并通过小白菜生物量的变化、地上部茎叶Ni质量比及土壤有效态Ni质量比来表征土壤Ni污染的毒性临界值.结果表明,潮土施Ni对蔬菜未表现出增产效应.施Ni量低于25 mg/kg,其生物产量无明显降低.随施Ni量的增加,生物产量呈显著下降,生物量变化与Ni质量比呈高度负相关.潮土施Ni增加茎叶和根系中Fe,Mn,Ca,Mg元素质量比,降低Cu,Zn元素质量比.4种性质不同的提取试剂提取的土壤有效态Ni质量比与植物Ni吸收均呈高度正相关,较好地反映了植物的危害状况,且以DTPA提取效果最佳.以生物减产量突变点为依据,确定潮土施Ni毒害临界值为:土壤全量Ni为41.86 mg/kg,有效态Ni质量比为2.55mg/kg(DTPA)和茎叶Ni质量比为22.39 mg/kg.     

基于微生物相互作用机理的完全耦合活性污泥模型研究

根据微生物生长机理,推导出微生物的耦合作用机理并在该机理的基础上改进了ASM3 Bio-P模型.假设活性污泥系统中有机物氧化过程、生物硝化过程、生物反硝化过程、生物除磷过程可同时存在,在ASM3 Bio-P模型上添加相关的开关函数,推导出完全耦合活性污泥模型(FCASM).基于计算机程序进行数值模拟,并将FCASM模拟结果与实测值以及ASM3 Bio-P模型模拟值进行对比.结果表明,完全耦合活性污泥模型对氨氮模拟的稳态出水值为1.90 g·m-3,ASM3 Bio-P模型模拟的氨氮稳态出水值为0 g·m-3,而实测的氨氮稳态出水值为1.50 g·m-3,完全耦合活性污泥模型的结果更接近真实值.     

垃圾渗滤液组合工艺处理技术

针对垃圾渗滤液氨氮浓度高、COD浓度高、难降解物质含量高的特点,研究了MAP脱氮-生物处理-混凝组合工艺,考察了不同单元的作用及影响处理效果的因素。试验结果表明,高浓度的垃圾渗滤液经该优化组合工艺处理,污染物的去除率为COD97.5%、BOD599.2%、NH4-N87.2%、E26075.3%。除NH4-N外,其余指标均达到了生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准中规定的二级排放标准值。