云台山生物资源的开发利用与保护

作为国家级风景区的云台山蕴藏着丰富的生物资源,本文从生物资源的可持续开发和经济学角度出发,对合理利用云台山的生物资源作了初步探讨。     

辛醇生产废水处理技术

对国内外辛醇生产废水的处理方法作了介绍,并对较先进的酸化萃取法和厌氧生化－好氧生化－碳黑吸附法作了详细分析。     

国内甲醇废水处理技术应用现状

介绍了汽化法、厌氧生物处理法和好氧化生物处理法在国内甲醇废水处理中的应用情况,存在的问题,并提出了一些改进建议。     

日本弓背蚁群体结构及其开发价值

本文调查研究了日本弓背蚁的群体结构和生物学特性,并初步探讨了日本弓背蚁的营养价值及其开发利用对策.     

栽种沙枣以改善黄河三角洲地区生态环境

胜利油田位于我国黄河三角洲地区，潜水位高，水的矿化度大。生态环境恶劣，对植物尤其对木本植物的生长不利，整个地区生长的多是抗盐碱能力强的草本植物。针对油田的特殊环境条件，综合有关资料，介绍了以沙枣为代表的植物特性，特别强调了其抗盐碱、降低土壤矿化度和潜水位、增加土壤有机质和引起植被变化的特性。指出黄河三角洲也有些土质较好的、适于作物和木本植物生长的地区，改良盐碱地可以以这些地区为基点，放射性地向外逐步试验沙枣的种植，以探索改善生态环境的途径。努力做到边发展经济，边改善环境，达到经济效益、社会效益和环境效益三统一。     

土壤综合治理技术─—空气抽取法和堆肥法结合使用治理土壤污染

文中介绍了国外用土壤空气抽取法和堆肥法清除土壤中有机溶剂、芳香烃类和石油污染物的技术及其应用。这两种方法单独使用均可成功地治理有害废弃物。实践证明，将这两种技术串联使用可更有效地处理土壤中污染物及加速生物降解过程。根据现场特点，利用多种治理技术综合治理土壤污染物是治理污染物的发展方向。     

赤潮监测技术的现状与发展

赤潮监测是对赤潮进行研究和实施管理控制的重要环节,通过监测获取重要信息,为赤潮研究提供重要资料,也是赤潮预测、预报和减灾的依据。本文介绍了中国赤潮监测技术的三个发展阶段,赤潮监测技术方法及其两个发展方向。目前我国赤潮监测技术基础比较薄弱,今后利用遥感等先进技术、完善赤潮应急监测系统,将大大加强赤潮监测力度,急时跟踪赤潮发生状况。     

Methods development and use of macroinvertebrates as indicators of ecological conditions for streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands Region

The Mid-Atlantic Highlands Assessment (MAHA) included the sampling of macroinvertebrates from 424 wadeable stream sites to determine status and trends, biological conditions, and water quality in first through third order streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands Region (MAHR) of the United States in 1993–1995. We identified reference and impaired sites using water chemistry and habitat criteria and evaluated a set of candidate macroinvertebrate metrics using a stepwise process. This process examined several metric characteristics, including ability of metrics to discriminate reference and impaired sites, relative scope of impairment, correlations with chemical and habitat indicators of stream disturbance, redundancy with other metrics, and within-year variability. Metrics that performed well were compared with metrics currently being used by three states in the region: Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. Some of the metrics used by these states did not perform well when evaluated using regional data, while other metrics used by all three states in some form, specifically number of taxa, number of EPT taxa, and Hilsenhoff Biotic Index, performed well overall. Reasons for discrepancies between state and regional evaluations of metrics are explored. We also provide a set of metrics that, when used in combination, may provide a useful assessment of stream conditions in the MAHR.     

Effects of Regional Reductions in Sulphur Deposition on the Chemical and Biological Recovery of Lakes within Killarney Park, Ontario, Canada

The lakes in KillarneyProvincial Park, located 40–60 km southwest ofSudbury, Ontario, were some of the first lakesin North America to be acidified by atmosphericpollutants. Acidification affected thousandsof fish and invertebrate populations in dozensof lakes. Since the 1970's, water quality hasimproved in response to atmospheric pollutionreductions and some lakes have alreadyrecovered to approximately their pre-industrialpH levels, as inferred from diatom microfossilsin lake sediments. Since the 1970's, fishspecies richness has not changed substantially,but zooplankton species richness has increasedin acidified lakes. The critical sulphur load,the amount of SO₂-derived acid depositionthat can occur while still maintaining suitable water quality, was estimated to beexceeded in 38% of the park area in 1997. Depending on which of four possible NorthAmerican emission control scenarios (CLR =currently legislated reduction; CLR + 25%; CLR+ 50%; CLR + 75%) is achieved by 2010, theprojected critical loads will be exceeded inabout 0-30% of the park area in the future. There are many factors that can affectbiological recovery rates of damaged lakes, butit is expected that biological recovery willlag considerably behind observed chemicalrecovery rates.     

On Developing Bioindicators for Human and Ecological Health

Risk assessors and risk managersgenerally either examine ecological health (usingbioindicators) or human health (using biomarkers ofexposure or effect). In this paper we suggest thatit is possible and advantageous to developbioindicators that can be used to assess exposureand effect for both human and non-human receptors. We describe the characteristics of suitablebioindicators for both human and ecological health,using mourning doves (Zenaida macroura),raccoons (Procyon lotor), and bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) as examples, and list thegeneral characteristics of other species that wouldmake them useful indicators for assessing both humanand ecological health. Bioindicators can beused cross-sectionally to assess the status ofecosystems and risk as well as longitudinally formonitoring changes or evaluating remediation. Forboth human and ecological risk assessment, there arethree sets of characteristics to consider whenselecting bioindicators: biological relevance,methodological relevance, and societal relevance. An indicator which fails to fulfill these is notlikely to be considered cost-effective and is likelyto be abandoned. The indicator should be readilymeasured and must measure an important range ofimpacts. For long-term support of a bioindicator,the indicator should be easily understood, and becost effective. We suggest that bioindicators thatcan also be used for both ecological and humanhealth risk assessment are optimal.