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1.
It is a challenge to reduce the ever-increasing flow of waste. In Norway the systems for recycling of organic waste, paper, glass, metals, etc. differ between municipalities, both with regard to organizational and to technological structures. Our hypothesis is that people's attitudes and behaviour may differ with different systems of waste management. People's behaviour and attitudes regarding (organic) waste recycling were investigated in two municipalities with differing technical and organisational systems. Data came from interviews with municipal employees, questionnaires, focus groups and multi-criteria mapping. People seem to be better informed and more positive about organic waste recycling in one of the municipalities (MH, which has recycling of organic waste) than in the other (MS, which has no such recycling). The two municipalities had similar sets of important criteria for waste management (price, environmental friendliness, easy solutions, information). Many participants stated that they had learned from the group process, though only a few reported changed preferences. The institutional context seems to be important for people's behaviour and attitudes towards waste management. This implies that people's recycling behaviour does not only depend on technical and organisational aspects, but also on institutions. These are important messages for policy makers. On an individual basis, the different systems in the two municipalities seem to affect people's stated attitudes. These differences diminish when they are in a common setting where process and dialogue stimulate new thoughts and encourage people to act more altruistically.  相似文献   
2.
    
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the roadside prevalence of alcohol-impaired driving among drivers and riders in northern Ghana. The study also verifies motorists' perceptions of their own alcohol use and knowledge of the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit in Ghana.

Method: With the assistance of police, systematic random sampling was used to collect data at roadblocks using a cross-sectional study design. Breathalyzers were used to screen whether motorists had detectable alcohol in their breath and follow-up breath tests were conducted to measure the actual breath alcohol levels among positive participants.

Results: In all, 9.7% of the 789 participants had detectable alcohol, among whom 6% exceeded the legal BAC limit of 0.08%. The prevalence of alcohol-impaired driving/riding was highest among cyclists (10% of all cyclists breath-tested) followed by truck drivers (9%) and motorcyclists (7% of all motorcyclists breath-tested). The occurrence of a positive BAC among cyclists was about 8 times higher (odds ratio [OR] = 7.73; P < .001) and it was 2 times higher among motorcyclists (OR = 2.30; P = .039) compared to private car drivers. The likelihood for detecting a positive BAC among male motorists/riders was higher than that among females (OR = 1.67; P = .354). The odds for detecting a positive BAC among weekend motorists/riders was significantly higher than on weekdays (OR = 2.62; P = .001).

Conclusion: Alcohol-impaired driving/riding in Ghana is high by international standards. In order to attenuate the harmful effects of alcohol misuse such as alcohol-impaired driving/riding, there is the need to educate road users about how much alcohol they can consume and stay below the legal limit. The police should also initiate random breath testing to instill the deterrence of detection, certainty of apprehension and punishment, and severity and celerity of punishment among drink-driving motorists and riders.  相似文献   

3.
工作安全分析(简称JSA)作为有效的危害识别和风险控制工具被广泛使用,但基层班组员工所做JSA的质量一直不高,具体表现为员工虽然清楚JSA的各个环节,却不能高质量的完成.尽管这在一定程度上与基层员工文化素质低,文字表达能力差有关,但也是管理者缺乏具体和优秀的指导所致.针对实施JSA的各个环节,分析制约质量提升的具体原因,以标准规范为基础提出具体可行的改进措施,实施效果良好.  相似文献   
4.
设计并介绍分户报警与短信群发结合的报警方式,包括系统采用的布局方法、方案总体设计、整体结构、信息传输网络设计;提出分户报警的新报警策略,并给出分户报警的区域划分方法以及划分的理由和依据.在硬件方面,重点介绍分户警铃的方案,其中包括的两个重要组成部分:无线应急广播发射中心和无线应急广播接收设备;提出采用可寻址智能无线广播的新的技术方法,同时给出建议的设备,总结并分析分户报警系统的功能和特点.通过该警报系统的采用,能大大提高警报通知效率,节省疏散所需的时间.  相似文献   
5.
为评估不同需求下城市建筑群抗震韧性,探索城市建筑群抗震韧性集成评估方法,利用树增强朴素贝叶斯网络(BN)方法构建BN模型,通过整合建筑类型、建造年代、结构类型等关键指标,快速预测不同目标地震下的建筑震害损伤状态;采用韧性指数法、韧性要素等级法、风险韧性分析法和建筑群落韧性指标评价法4种韧性评估方法,集成评价北京市丰台区某街道群体建筑的抗震韧性,并对比分析各方法的优缺点及适用性。结果表明:韧性指数法适用于快速评估建筑恢复能力;韧性要素等级法便于直观显示建筑韧性等级;风险韧性分析法对灾害不确定性和随机性有较好处理能力;建筑群落韧性指标评价法则强调功能需求对综合评估的影响。  相似文献   
6.
数字隐写技术及发展趋势   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
笔者通过强调数字隐写算法和隐写分析算法间的矛盾统一,介绍数字隐写算法的发展历程和趋势以及国内外的研究现状.重点介绍具有代表性的空域LSB隐写算法和频域JPEG图像隐写算法.通过基本算法、对基本算法的分析方法、基本算法改进措施的顺序,介绍算法的发展历程,分析算法的性能.对当前实验研究的进展和数字隐写技术存在的问题进行说明,并提出一些建设性意见,对隐写技术的发展前景和方向进行展望,指出数字隐写技术会成为密码术的重要补充,在信息安全传输方面发挥巨大的作用.  相似文献   
7.
苯胺所造成的环境污染问题日益严重,如何正确地选择处理处置技术,对降低化学品所造成的影响有着极其重要的意义。为了在事故发生后能够最短时间内有效地消除污染物对环境的影响,选取最适合的处理处置技术,提出了苯胺污染事故处理处置技术评估指标体系,从技术性能、经济成本、环境影响和社会影响4个方面进行了评估指标选取;另外,采用基于群决策的层次分析法(AHP)进行了数据处理,以降低评估过程中专家的主观性对评估结果的影响,结合评分标准最终获得最佳的应急处理处置技术方案,可为苯胺环境污染事故应急预案的制定与事故应急处理处置技术的选取提供参考。  相似文献   
8.
刘玉燕  刘浩峰  张兰 《环境科学》2013,34(2):494-498
选择干旱区中小城市昌吉市,对其降雪及积雪中铂族元素(PGEs)含量分布及影响因素进行研究.运用ICP-MS对样品进行分析测定.结果表明,降雪中Rh、Pd、Pt平均含量分别为0.43 ng·L-1(未检出~2.24 ng·L-1)、60.07 ng·L-1(46.66~84.25 ng·L-1)和4.54 ng·L-1(3.02~6.38 ng·L-1).不同场次降雪中PGEs含量存在差异,随雪前干燥期天数加长,降雪中PGEs含量趋于增大;降雪量对PGEs含量也有一定影响,降雪量越小,雪中PGEs含量越高.积雪中Rh、Pd、Pt的平均含量分别为6.65 ng·L-1(2.50~18.80 ng·L-1)、83.45 ng·L-1(46.83~199.20 ng·L-1)和8.17 ng·L-1(4.27~13.78 ng·L-1).积雪中PGEs含量远高于降雪,降雪中PGEs仅来自于单场次降雪对大气PGEs的淋洗,而积雪中PGEs不仅来自于多场次降雪中PGEs的累积,且由于积雪长时间暴露,还源源不断接受了大气干沉降带来的PGEs.各采样点积雪PGEs含量表现出交通区>居民文教区>公园广场区>郊区农田,随功能区不同,积雪中PGEs输入途径与输入量有显著差异,这是造成各功能区积雪PGEs含量不同且具有一定规律性的主要原因.  相似文献   
9.
为探索建筑行业非正式群体安全氛围对建筑工人行为的影响,基于已有文献,结合人际关系理论和群体动力学理论,构建非正式群体安全氛围与建筑工人安全行为的影响机制模型。通过问卷回收和筛选,得到有效问卷465份,并采用结构方程模型(SEM)和Bootstrap法进行实证研究和假设检验。结果表明:非正式群体安全氛围显著正向影响建筑工人安全行为;非正式群体自发形成的行为规范以及建筑工人的个体行为意向在非正式群体安全氛围与建筑工人安全行为之间发挥显著中介作用。从结果来看,要想降低建筑行业事故率,对于在建筑行业中所形成的非正式群体因素不容忽视,且应该时刻关注建筑行业中的非正式群体行为规范,并积极引导非正式向正式靠拢,改变建筑工人个体不正确的行为意向,才能进一步减少建筑行业安全事故的发生。  相似文献   
10.
    
Aim. Firefighters must meet minimum physical demands. The Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority (NLIA) has approved a standardised treadmill walking test and 3 simple strength tests for smoke divers. The results of the Trondheim test were compared with those of the NLIA tests taking into account possible effects of age, experience level and gender. Methods. Four groups of participants took part in the tests: 19 young experienced firefighters, 24 senior male firefighters and inexperienced applicants, 12 male and 8 female. Results. Oxygen uptake (VO2) at exhaustion rose linearly by the duration of the treadmill test. Time spent on the Trondheim test was closely related to performance time and peak VO2 on the treadmill test. Senior experienced firefighters did not perform better than equally fit young applicants. However, female applicants performed poorer on the Trondheim test than on the treadmill test. Performance on the Trondheim test was not closely related to muscle strength beyond a minimum. Conclusion. Firefighters completing the Trondheim test in under 19 min fit the requirements of the NLIA treadmill test. The Trondheim test can be used as an alternative to the NLIA tests for testing aerobic fitness but not for muscular strength. Women’s result of the Trondheim test were poorer than the results of the NLIA treadmill test, probably because of their lower body mass.  相似文献   
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