The importance of group‐focused transformational leadership and felt obligation for helping and group performance

Leaders face a challenge to simultaneously motivate workgroups and the individuals within them. Recent criticisms highlight the need to deconstruct broad leadership constructs to offer better theoretical insight into the effects of specific leadership behaviors on groups versus individuals. We address this call by exploring the effects of group‐focused and individual‐focused aspects of transformational leadership. Applying social identity theory, we theorize that group‐focused transformational leadership is key to fostering felt obligation, motivating helping behavior, and enhancing group performance, whereas individual‐focused leadership may only foster helping when individuals also feel a sense of obligation toward their workgroup. In a field study of 260 employees reporting to 36 supervisors in a skilled trade company, we find support for these predictions using multilevel structural equation modeling and multilevel mixed effects modeling. Thus, group‐focused (vs. individual‐focused) transformational leadership and subsequent felt obligation are important antecedents for encouraging helping and, in turn, workgroup performance.     

Metabolic effects of diazinon on the European eel

Abstract

Eels were exposed to a sublethal diazinon concentration of 0.042 mg/L for exposure times of 6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Biochemical analyses of blood composition, such as plasma glucose, total plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, plasma lactate, plasma urea and uric acid, showed significant differences between treated and control animals. Plasma glucose and lactate increased after 6 hours exposure to the insecticide. Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides content decreased during 96 hours treatment. Urea levels increased at 72 hours while uric acid content decreased significantly at 24, 72 and 96 hours exposure to the pesticide.

The observed effects of diazinon on eel metabolism suggested that the treated fish was faced with a serious metabolic crisis, and the fish looked for alternative methods of metabolism to overcome the toxic stress.     

Organochlorine levels in human blood from residents in areas of limited pesticide use in Sudan

Ninety-nine human blood samples were collected from the riverine region of northern Sudan and the traditional and mechanized rain-fed areas of western and eastern Sudan, representing areas of limited pesticide use in Sudan. Blood samples were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) followed by electron-capture detection (ECD). p,p′-DDE (a metabolite of DDT), heptachlor epoxide, β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), and dieldrin were detected in all locations surveyed. The level of total organochlorine burden was highest in the traditional rain-fed area, followed by the mechanized rain-fed area, and the riverine area. A highly significant correlation was observed between total organochlorine blood burden and the age of the donors (r = 0.608**).     

ATR-FTIR investigation of the role of phenolic groups in the interaction of some NOM model compounds with aluminum hydroxide

The role of phenolic groups in the interaction of natural organic matter (NOM) with metal hydroxides was investigated with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and adsorption tests by employing a series of dihydroxybenzoic acids (DHBAs) as the NOM surrogates and aluminum hydroxide as the adsorbent. All DHBAs examined in this study were found to be adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide by forming inner-sphere complexes. Carboxylic groups governed the complexation of DHBAs with aluminum hydroxide at low pH or in cases when the two hydroxyl groups were not adjacent to each other and neither of them was ortho to the carboxylic group. The involvement of the phenolic groups, ortho to another phenolic group or ortho to the carboxylic groups, in the complexation increased with increasing pH as the deprotonation of phenolic groups was easier at higher pH. The presence of phenolic groups increased the electron density of the carboxylic groups and facilitated the inner-sphere complexation of the carboxylic groups with metal hydroxide. The correlation between the pK_a values and the amount of organic acid adsorbed on the aluminum hydroxide revealed that the adsorption of DHBAs at acidic pH was largely dependent on the surface chelate formation rather than on the electronic effect.     

猪血酶解工艺研究

用研制成功的复合酶和酶解工艺技术，将难于消化的猪血蛋白质水解成１８种氨基酸和部分低肽的固体产品，富含铁、铜、锰、锌等微量元素，血蛋白消化吸收率从２０％左右提高到９５％以上，蛋白质水解率９９．５％，产品中氨基酸总量８５．５％，其中８种必需氨基酸含量３６．１％，产品微生物和理化指标均符合国家食品卫生标准，生产工艺先进合理、生产成本低、对环境无污染．     

高等职业技术教育的模式比较

本文分析了我国蓬勃发展的高职教育形势,对国内外主要职业教育的培养模式进行了比较,以期为我国高等职业技术教育的健康发展提供帮助。     

Public opinion and interest group positions on open-space issues in Albuquerque,New Mexico,USA: Implications for resource management

The purpose of this research was to elicit and compare the open-space preferences of citizens and openspace experts in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. A randomly selected sample of 492 citizens and 35 open-space experts participated in a telephone survey during May 5–18, 1986. The following hypothesis was tested and used as a guideline for the study:HO1: There is no significant difference between respondents' status and preference for open space in Albuquerque, New Mexico.The hypothesis was rejected. Findings confirmed respondents' status affected preference for open space. Of the eight issues on which the citizen and expert groups were compared, five recorded significant differences in response profiles. The open-space expert group was significantly more supportive of using open space to accommodate offroad vehicle facilities, wildlife preserves, a citywide recreational trail, and a trail system along the arroyos and city ditches. The citizen sample was significantly more supportive of using open space to accommodate overnight camping facilities. Both groups equally supported using open space to accommodate an outdoor amphitheater, outdoor education facilities, and rafting, kayaking, and canoeing facilities.The finding indicated that expert preferences did not represent an aggregate of citizen preferences for managing open-space resources. Understanding both expert and citizen positions will facilitate decision-making processes and help resolve environmental disputes.