挪威石油业安全员制度及其对我国同行业建立安全员制度的启示

研究挪威员工参与民主管理制度的理论框架,分析挪威石油行业安委会、安全员发展的背景及现状,探讨挪威法律中安全员及员工的职能与义务,同时了解挪威安全员工作存在的问题及改进的措施。结合我国石油天然气行业的安全生产现状,在不断完善HSE管理体系的基础上,借鉴挪威石油行业安全生产管理的成功经验,建议在我国石油天然气行业建立安全员制度并在立法中确立其职能和义务,进一步提高行业及企业的安全管理水平。     

Avoiding the presumptive policy errors of intergovernmental environmental planning programmes: a case analysis of urban stormwater management planning

This social research aims to identify and examine the implementation presumptions of intergovernmental environmental planning programmes and how to improve their effectiveness in future practice. It contrasts and explains the organisational dynamics and implementation responses of municipalities that succeeded and failed in realising the objective of such a programme. The research involved a qualitative multiple-case comparison between four high- and four low-performing municipalities implementing a stormwater programme within metropolitan Sydney, Australia. These two organisational types substantially differed in corporate expertise, environmental leadership, extended relational activity, and overall disposition to learning and ownership of local environmental issues. The paper identified five presumptions underpinning the programme design which privileged the high-performing organisations, but did little to garner commitment and develop capacity among the low-performing group. These implementation insights not only provide guideposts for intergovernmental programme design, but also reveal how policy design can undermine policy intent if empathy to local organisational dynamics is lacking.     

School building condition,school attendance,and academic achievement in New York City public schools: A mediation model

Little is known about how the condition of school facilities affects academic outcomes. This study examines the role of school attendance as a mediator in the relationship between facilities in disrepair and student grades in city and state tests. Data on building condition and results from English Language Arts (ELA) and Mathematics (Math) standardized tests were analyzed using a sample of 95 elementary schools in New York City. Variables relevant to academic achievement such as ethnicity, socioeconomic status, teacher quality, and school size were used as covariates. In run-down school facilities students attended less days on average and therefore had lower grades in ELA and Math standardized tests. Attendance was found to be a full mediator for grades in ELA and a partial mediator for grades in Math. This study provides empirical evidence of the effects of building quality on academic outcomes and considers the social justice issues related to this phenomenon.     

Life-cycle cost-benefit analysis of extensive vegetated roof systems

The built environment has been a significant cause of environmental degradation in the previously undeveloped landscape. As public and private interest in restoring the environmental integrity of urban areas continues to increase, new construction practices are being developed that explicitly value beneficial environmental characteristics. The use of vegetation on a rooftop--commonly called a green roof--as an alternative to traditional roofing materials is an increasingly utilized example of such practices. The vegetation and growing media perform a number of functions that improve environmental performance, including: absorption of rainfall, reduction of roof temperatures, improvement in ambient air quality, and provision of urban habitat. A better accounting of the green roof's total costs and benefits to society and to the private sector will aid in the design of policy instruments and educational materials that affect individual decisions about green roof construction. This study uses data collected from an experimental green roof plot to develop a benefit cost analysis (BCA) for the life cycle of extensive (thin layer) green roof systems in an urban watershed. The results from this analysis are compared with a traditional roofing scenario. The net present value (NPV) of this type of green roof currently ranges from 10% to 14% more expensive than its conventional counterpart. A reduction of 20% in green roof construction cost would make the social NPV of the practice less than traditional roof NPV. Considering the positive social benefits and relatively novel nature of the practice, incentives encouraging the use of this practice in highly urbanized watersheds are strongly recommended.     

黄土深基坑降水诱发的地基附加应力和沉降简化计算

为预测黄土地区深基坑降水导致的地层不均匀沉降,确保坑周建筑物安全,基于弦线模量法、弹性半无限体理论和剪切位移法,将坑周土体以降水曲线为界分为疏干区和饱和区,综合考虑绕渗区内渗流力在水平方向的分量和桩-土界面侧摩阻力对土体的约束作用,推导降水引起地基附加应力和地面沉降的理论计算公式,将理论计算值与工程实际监测数据对比分析。研究结果表明：改进后的计算方法能反应出浸润曲线以下土层所受附加应力的衰减效应;地面沉降受侧摩阻力的约束作用主要局限于1倍的最大水位沉降范围内;弦线模量计算得到的沉降值精度高于规范算法,能够较好地预测黄土地区降水期间坑周地面沉降量。研究结果可为计算类似黄土深基坑潜水层降水诱发地面沉降提供参考。     

基于STPA和模糊BN的装配式建筑吊装施工安全风险分析

为有效评估装配式建筑吊装施工中的安全风险状态,识别关键风险因素,运用系统理论过程分析方法(STPA)构建吊装施工过程中的控制反馈结构,识别导致危险的不安全控制行为,确定不安全控制行为的致因因素;基于风险因素间的关联关系构建贝叶斯网络(BN)模型,推理计算装配式建筑吊装施工安全风险状态概率,并结合反向诊断推理分析影响安全事故的风险因素;通过敏感性分析,识别装配式建筑吊装施工安全中的关键风险因素。结果表明：装配式建筑吊装施工安全风险处于低风险状态;起重机械超负荷运行、现场安全管理不到位和吊索吊具存在缺陷等因素是影响装配式建筑吊装施工安全风险的关键风险因素。     

塔机起重作业夜间照明工效的BIM辅助优化研究

为提升塔式起重机施工作业的夜间照明工效水平,采用数学模型和BIM技术相结合的方法,以灯源的光通量及入射角为光学驱动参数,模拟眩光值、照度及其均匀度等光学变量,建立照明工效的光度学BIM辅助优化模型,优化起重作业照明灯源光学参数。研究结果表明：对塔式起重机施工作业区照明灯源光学参数进行组合优化后,夜间起重作业面照度及其均匀度显著提升,眩光值满足起重作业视觉环境条件。研究结果可为塔式起重机夜间起重作业照明方案设计提供科学依据。     

东北漫岗区村落的分布特征分析

对黑龙江省绥化市的6个村落、九三垦区鹤山农场的8个村落和嫩江县双山镇的蔡窑村进行实地考察。依据鹤山农场1980-1995年气温、日照时数、风速、降水量和≥5级风日数的气象资料,同时考虑到地形、土壤等因素,分析了东北漫岗区村落分布的特征,即：日照和太阳辐射影响了村落分布的坡向,就不同坡向而言,村落分布数量大小顺序为：东南坡、西南坡、东北坡、西北坡;风影响室温,并可能对房屋造成破坏,故大部分村落分布在坡中部以下;降水量和土壤特性决定了村落的分布下限;地理环境因素和人的选择性、能动性共同决定了东北漫岗区村落呈狭长形沿坡分布。     

某教学楼火灾中人员安全疏散时间的预测

文章分析了大型建筑物内人员疏散的特点,结合某幢教学楼的设定火灾场景人员的安全疏散,对该建筑物火灾中人员疏散的设计方案做出了初步评价,得出了一种在人流密度较大的建筑物内,火灾中人员疏散时间的计算方法和疏散过程中瓶颈现象的处理方法,并提出采用距离控制疏散过程和瓶颈控制疏散过程来分析和计算建筑物的人员疏散。     

污泥沉降比在活性污泥法处理污水中的应用

炼油化工废水水量大,含有较高浓度的COD、NH3-N、硫、酚、石油类等污染物,活性污泥法具有运行稳定,耐负荷运行、成本低、维护方便和处理效果良好的特点。文章通过分析污泥沉降比与各因素之间的关系,得出:温度是影响沉降比主要因素,外界环境因素也影响污泥沉降比,污泥沉降比对维持曝气池稳定有重要作用,利用污泥沉降比可以调节剩余污泥排放量,控制污泥浓度;通过污泥沉降比的变化可以及早判断和发现污泥膨胀,及时做出工艺运行调整。