基于GIS的关中地区仰韶至商周时期聚落时空分布及驱动力分析

关中地区是中国重要的史前聚落分布地之一,该区域内丰富的聚落文化遗存为研究史前人地关系提供了坚实的基础。本文以整个关中地区作为研究区域,从较大的时空尺度探讨遗址分布与自然环境之间的关系。系统收集了关中地区从仰韶至商周时期的考古遗址数据,利用ArcGIS技术提取了各时期遗址点高程、距河流远近、遗址面积等定量化数据,并且进行了最近邻分析以及核密度分析,从而系统研究了这一时期的聚落分布特征。研究结果表明：龙山时期的聚落遗址较仰韶时期海拔位置更高、距河流更远且分散化程度增加,商周时期关中东部聚落遗址点数量大幅减少,西部和中部遗址点分布更加集中。但不论是仰韶还是龙山时期,聚落遗址总体上都是西多东少,中部最为稀疏分散,至商周时期关中中部遗址才逐渐增多。基于此,本文试图从气候变化、洪水、农业发展以及早期政权发展等角度探究影响仰韶至商周时期的聚落分布变化的可能因素,从而揭示出史前人类聚落变迁对区域自然环境的响应与适应过程,同时超大型聚落中心以及早期国家的形成也影响了遗址分布格局。就本研究而言,气候变化是影响关中地区龙山时期的聚落遗址数量大幅减少、聚落位置分布格局发生变化的主要原因之一,而商周时期聚落遗址的分布变迁似乎更倾向于生产力发展的结果,或是出于政治、军事的目的。关中地区仰韶至商周时期聚落的分布变迁与自然环境变化以及聚落中心、早期政权发展密切相关,体现了人类与自然环境之间的博弈,也揭示出该地区史前社会的复杂化进程。今后的研究中,需要结合详细的现场调查数据,进一步加强区域自然变量的定量化研究和对人类社会系统的认识,从而更准确地把握人与自然的耦合关系。     

Toward equality of biodiversity knowledge through technology transfer

To help stem the continuing decline of biodiversity, effective transfer of technology from resource‐rich to biodiversity‐rich countries is required. Biodiversity technology as defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a complex term, encompassing a wide variety of activities and interest groups. As yet, there is no robust framework by which to monitor the extent to which technology transfer might benefit biodiversity. We devised a definition of biodiversity technology and a framework for the monitoring of technology transfer between CBD signatories. Biodiversity technology within the scope of the CBD encompasses hard and soft technologies that are relevant to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, or make use of genetic resources, and that relate to all aspects of the CBD, with a particular focus on technology transfer from resource‐rich to biodiversity‐rich countries. Our proposed framework introduces technology transfer as a response indicator: technology transfer is increased to stem pressures on biodiversity. We suggest an initial approach of tracking technology flow between countries; charting this flow is likely to be a one‐to‐many relationship (i.e., the flow of a specific technology from one country to multiple countries). Future developments should then focus on integrating biodiversity technology transfer into the current pressure‐state‐response indicator framework favored by the CBD (i.e., measuring the influence of technology transfer on changes in state and pressure variables). Structured national reporting is important to obtaining metrics relevant to technology and knowledge transfer. Interim measures, that can be used to assess biodiversity technology or knowledge status while more in‐depth indicators are being developed, include the number of species inventories, threatened species lists, or national red lists; databases on publications and project funding may provide measures of international cooperation. Such a pragmatic approach, followed by rigorous testing of specific technology transfer metrics submitted by CBD signatories in a standardized manner may in turn improve the focus of future targets on technology transfer for biodiversity conservation.     

Low energy buildings in Taiwan mountain areas: A weather data analysis

The energy consumption of buildings is influenced by the climates tremendously. Taiwan is an island covered with high mountains. Crossed by the tropic of cancer, the basic climates zones include tropical and subtropical climates. In this research, the degree day and degree hour methods were used to analyze 37 weather stations data in mid and high elevation regions of Taiwan collected over 10 years. The WRF model were used to predict summer cooling hours using 26, 28, 30°C as the base temperatures. The research showed that Taiwan has complicated climate zones due to the variations of the elevation. The low air-conditioning load areas in the mid and high elevation regions will be the most suitable areas to design low energy consumption buildings in Taiwan.     

Towards a sustainable economy? Socio-technical transitions in the green building sector

Making the transition to a green economy is a major policy driver in the UK and other countries. Entrepreneurs are suggested as being at the forefront of this transition and as a driving force for sustainability. These “green entrepreneurs” may represent a new type of entrepreneurial behaviour combining economic, environmental and social aims. In this paper, we present empirical work conducted with green entrepreneurs in the UK green building sector. Buildings have significant impacts on the environment, both in terms of materials and post-construction energy demands. Drawing on sustainability transitions theory, we examine the role of green entrepreneurs in affecting change and suggest that green building niches are less consensual than previously theorised. In theorising green entrepreneurs, we also point to the need to consider them within wider networks of activity rather than as lone actors and the implications this has for policy.     

城市社区生态能力建设公众认知研究

采用问卷调查和访谈的方法,针对城市社区生态建设的相关范围、内容、方法和技术,进行社区生态建设公众认知调查。结果表明,〉90％受访者认同城市社区需要进行生态建设与改造,主要内容应涉及完善基础设施、环境污染整治及绿地建设等;有高达91．2％的公众认为公众有责任和义务参与社区生态建设;但对于参与生态环境监督执法、生态环境行政决策、生态建设立法和宣传等方面主动性不强;通过研究结果可清晰地看出公众对城市社区生态建设的需求及相关知识的了解程度,下阶段城市社区生态建设应关注的重点内容,以便更好地促进城市社区的可持续发展。     

“7.23”商洛特大暴雨山阳县校舍灾害调查研究

以"7.23"陕西省商洛市特大暴雨中山阳县校舍为研究对象,在查明山洪、泥石流、滑坡和崩塌等造成校舍受损、严重破坏和倒塌的基础上,分析了洪水灾害引起校舍受损的原因。结果表明,特大暴雨是该县滑坡发生的诱发因素,也是部分滑坡转化为泥石流主要因素;建筑场地选择不合理是造成校舍受损、严重破坏和倒塌的关键因素;合理的结构构造是减少灾害造成生命财产损失的有效措施。     

基于品牌关系的旅游目的地品牌构建研究

要想在众多旅游目的地中获得旅游者的认可,加强旅游目的地的品牌建设是一条重要途径.以关系营销为基础的品牌关系理论运用到旅游目的地的品牌建设,通过对旅游目的地品牌的分析,构建了以旅游者为中心的旅游目的地品牌关系模型,为旅游目的地品牌的构建提供了新的思路和方法.     

城市消防研究与管理方法对森林防火的借鉴作用

总结了中国森林防火研究与管理现状,分析了森林防火与城市消防在研究与管理方面的差距,提出了城市消防研究与管理方法对森林防火6个方面的借鉴作用：（1）建筑防火分区方法和技术对森林防火分区及隔离带建设技术的借鉴作用;（2）耐火等级思想对降低森林燃烧性的借鉴作用;（3）建筑性能化防火设计方法对森林防火设计的借鉴作用;（4）标准体系建设的借鉴作用;（5）建筑避难层（间）对林区消防安全设施建设的借鉴作用;（6）城市火灾危险源辨识方法对森林火灾危险源辨识方法的借鉴作用。     

建筑物火灾中人员行为EXODUS模拟的研究

通过对建筑物火灾疏散仿真系统平台Building EXODUS的研究,以学校教学楼建筑物为例,使用Building EXODUS软件模拟疏散情境。Building EXODUS软件是由格林威治大学开发的,模型包括了人与人之间、人与结构之间和人与环境之间互相作用。Building EXODUS是一种细网格的过程模拟软件,能比较真实地模拟疏散人员和场景的若干属性和行为,追踪疏散过程的诸多细节,在此基础上给出比较全面翔实的预测结果。     

How to “walk the talk”: The perspectives of sector staff on implementation of the rural water supply programme in Uganda

Many countries in sub‐Saharan Africa have adopted similar approaches to tackle the challenges of rural water supply, including community‐based management, community participation and the demand‐responsive approach. These are often combined with nationwide programmes of capacity‐building and decentralization. This paper first shows how Uganda has adopted these approaches in its rural water supply programme. Based on Government documents, we construct an organizational framework that illustrates the overall programme and outlines the roles and responsibilities which actors are expected to fulfil. Second, based on interviews with sector staff and a review of Government documents, the paper examines challenges to successfully “walk the talk”; that is, it provides insight into challenges affecting programme implementation. Among numerous difficulties, two key issues are highlighted: local political interference and the weak capacity of local governments. Concerning local political interference, local planning processes need to be reformed so that local politicians commit more strongly to improving water supply. Regarding local government capacity, the Government department responsible for the programme has established eight regional units that provide support to local governments. This promising strategy, combined with more appropriate engagement and the commitment of local politicians, should help to improve the implementation of the rural water supply programme in Uganda.