The Social Meaning of Carbon Dioxide Emission Trading Institutional Capacity Building for a Green Market in Costa Rica

Forests offer good possibilities for the sequestration of carbon dioxide. This service can be commodified by the introduction of carbon (dioxide) credits, which can be traded on a carbon market. The premise of this paper is that the traditional economic view on the construction of these carbon markets is a too simplistic one, particularly, because it neglects the social meaning of a carbon market for developing countries. From their viewpoint as suppliers of carbon credits such a market has a broader meaning. It must be seen as a social mechanism for improving both the living conditions of local people and a more encompassing improvement of the environment than climate as such. What initially might be labelled as a carbon market might better be understood as a more encompassing 'green market'. The agreement between Costa Rica and Norway, officially known as the Reforestation Conservation Activities Implemented Jointly Project (RFCAIJP) represents a clear example of a green market. In this paper, we study the development, characteristics and benefits of that market, asking the question what lessons can be learned from this first practical experiences. More specifically we focus on the conditions that have made this type of agreement successful.     

上海市民用建筑能耗的估算与分析

建筑能耗是重要的社会能源消耗主体。采用宏观能源统计方法,利用综合能源平衡表估算上海市1999-2009年住宅能耗和公共建筑运行能耗的变化及其特征。结果表明,上海市民用建筑总能耗由1999年的687.82万tce增加到2009年的1 774.91万tce,平均年增长率为4.68%;住宅建筑能耗呈上升趋势,而单位面积能耗逐年下降,单位面积住宅建筑能耗均值比公共建筑低35.30 kgce/(m2.a);公共建筑单位建筑面积能耗变化呈略增态势,2009年单位建筑能耗比1999年高9.64 kgce/(m2.a)。研究结果可为建筑节能减排政策的制定提供决策参考和数据支持。     

燃煤灰渣建材利用产生的辐射影响评价

燃煤灰渣建材利用是解决粉煤灰问题的一个重要途径,而燃煤灰渣对煤中伴生的天然放射性物质的富集使得在对粉煤灰渣进行建材利用时要特别注意其放射性对人类和环境产生的辐射影响。本文依据国家相关标准对燃煤灰渣建材利用产生的辐射影响评价方法作一些探讨,并参考现有的数据对燃煤灰渣建材利用的辐射影响进行了初步评价。研究认为,以现有的灰渣建材利用水平,其产生的辐射影响几乎可以忽略。     

Effects of building aspect ratio, diurnal heating scenario, and wind speed on reactive pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons

A photochemistry coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical model has been developed to model the reactive pollutant dispersion within urban street canyons, particularly integrating the interrelationship among diurnal heating scenario (solar radiation affections in nighttime, daytime, and sun-rise/set), wind speed, building aspect ratio (building-height-to-street-width), and dispersion of reactive gases, specifically nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃) such that a higher standard of air quality in metropolitan cities can be achieved. Validation has been done with both experimental and numerical results on flow and temperature fields in a street canyon with bottom heating, which justifies the accuracy of the current model. The model was applied to idealized street canyons of different aspect ratios from 0.5 to 8 with two different ambient wind speeds under different diurnal heating scenarios to estimate the influences of different aforementioned parameters on the chemical evolution of NO, NO₂ and O₃. Detailed analyses of vertical profiles of pollutant concentrations showed that different diurnal heating scenarios could substantially affect the reactive gases exchange between the street canyon and air aloft, followed by respective dispersion and reaction. Higher building aspect ratio and stronger ambient wind speed were revealed to be, in general, responsible for enhanced entrainment of O₃ concentrations into the street canyons along windward walls under all diurnal heating scenarios. Comparatively, particular attention can be paid on the windward wall heating and nighttime uniform surface heating scenarios.     

杭州市环保系统人才队伍建设初探

阐述了新形势对杭州市环保系统人才队伍建设提出的更高要求,系统分析了人才发展现状,从环保人才分类体系出发,提出了各类环保人才队伍建设的对策建议。     

浅淡国家生态县创建中的能力建设及保障措施

对在国家生态县创建活动中如何提升监测能力建设和加强政策支持等保障措施进行论述,以期对各地生态县创建工作提供一定的借鉴作用。     

广东省绿色居住建筑隔声要求及现状

声环境是居住物理环境的重要组成部分。近年来城市居民对噪声问题的投诉始终高居不下,一方面源于城市环境声环境的持续恶化,另一方面则是与居住建筑隔声性能紧密相关。本文将在考察广东省近几年新建居住建筑围护结构的材料选择、构造做法基础上,评估其隔声性能。通过与建筑隔声的相关规定比对,分析这些居住建筑满足要求的情况,并对广东省绿色居住建筑的隔声设计提出建议。     

火灾中既有地铁车站混凝土结构温度分布的变化

为了研究既有地铁车站发生火灾时,其混凝土主体结构中温度的变化情况,以某地铁站主体结构为对象,使用FLAC3D对该地铁站进行了模拟,构建了火源产生的除混凝土结构外的热对流和热辐射叠加温度场.根据温度不同材料性质不同的现象,在模拟过程中随温度升高实时调整材料参数,使模拟结果更加准确.模拟了从4℃到1000℃期间的3个设定位置火源使结构温度场的变化.结果表明:在定量角度,车站各部分温度变化与火源温度变化存在一定的数值关系;定性得到,结构越连续,空间刚度越大,热能在车站混凝土结构中传播越快,温度分布越均匀.对该地铁站提出了一些应重点防护的位置.     

建筑火灾中智能疏散诱导系统对人群疏散的影响

在自制的“黑屋”试验平台上,模拟真实火灾场景,分析了智能疏散诱导系统中安全疏散标识的视觉诱导、声音诱导对人群疏散的影响规律.结果表明:声音诱导与视觉诱导相比,能见度较好时视觉诱导的疏散效率较高;能见度低时声音诱导的疏散效率较高,但安装间距在3 m以内时,视觉诱导的疏散效率较高;疏散之初安全标识的位置对疏散影响明显,随火灾态势的发展和能见度的降低,安全标识的间距对疏散影响显著;正对疏散通道的安全疏散出口利用率最高.     

高层建筑火灾初期人员疏散策略的优化分析

通过分析高层建筑火灾条件下的人员安全疏散问题,构建了高层建筑火灾初期的垂直疏散模型,并提出2种疏散策略.策略Ⅰ:电梯停靠层以下全部用楼梯疏散,停靠层及以上楼层用电梯疏散;策略Ⅱ:各楼层人员按不同比例通过电梯进行疏散.然后通过调用随机函数,在一个动态运行模式下求解模型,分析停靠层、楼层人数及电梯疏散人数比例对疏散效果的影响,得到2种策略条件下的近似最优解.分析楼梯、电梯的疏散规律,得出楼层人数、电梯停靠层和电梯疏散人数比例对疏散效果的影响并非单一的线性关系:楼层人数较少时,随楼层的增加,电梯疏散更具优势;楼层人数过多时,电梯、楼梯的疏散效果都不明显,此时需要合理确定通过楼梯、电梯疏散的人数比例才能提高疏散效果.比较2种策略发现,策略Ⅱ疏散时间更短,而策略Ⅰ在现实中的运行能力和可操作性更强.