上海市民用建筑能耗的估算与分析

建筑能耗是重要的社会能源消耗主体。采用宏观能源统计方法,利用综合能源平衡表估算上海市1999-2009年住宅能耗和公共建筑运行能耗的变化及其特征。结果表明,上海市民用建筑总能耗由1999年的687.82万tce增加到2009年的1 774.91万tce,平均年增长率为4.68%;住宅建筑能耗呈上升趋势,而单位面积能耗逐年下降,单位面积住宅建筑能耗均值比公共建筑低35.30 kgce/(m2.a);公共建筑单位建筑面积能耗变化呈略增态势,2009年单位建筑能耗比1999年高9.64 kgce/(m2.a)。研究结果可为建筑节能减排政策的制定提供决策参考和数据支持。     

Effects of building aspect ratio, diurnal heating scenario, and wind speed on reactive pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons

A photochemistry coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical model has been developed to model the reactive pollutant dispersion within urban street canyons, particularly integrating the interrelationship among diurnal heating scenario (solar radiation affections in nighttime, daytime, and sun-rise/set), wind speed, building aspect ratio (building-height-to-street-width), and dispersion of reactive gases, specifically nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃) such that a higher standard of air quality in metropolitan cities can be achieved. Validation has been done with both experimental and numerical results on flow and temperature fields in a street canyon with bottom heating, which justifies the accuracy of the current model. The model was applied to idealized street canyons of different aspect ratios from 0.5 to 8 with two different ambient wind speeds under different diurnal heating scenarios to estimate the influences of different aforementioned parameters on the chemical evolution of NO, NO₂ and O₃. Detailed analyses of vertical profiles of pollutant concentrations showed that different diurnal heating scenarios could substantially affect the reactive gases exchange between the street canyon and air aloft, followed by respective dispersion and reaction. Higher building aspect ratio and stronger ambient wind speed were revealed to be, in general, responsible for enhanced entrainment of O₃ concentrations into the street canyons along windward walls under all diurnal heating scenarios. Comparatively, particular attention can be paid on the windward wall heating and nighttime uniform surface heating scenarios.     

广东省绿色居住建筑隔声要求及现状

声环境是居住物理环境的重要组成部分。近年来城市居民对噪声问题的投诉始终高居不下,一方面源于城市环境声环境的持续恶化,另一方面则是与居住建筑隔声性能紧密相关。本文将在考察广东省近几年新建居住建筑围护结构的材料选择、构造做法基础上,评估其隔声性能。通过与建筑隔声的相关规定比对,分析这些居住建筑满足要求的情况,并对广东省绿色居住建筑的隔声设计提出建议。     

住宅产业循环经济

论述了住宅产业发展循环经济、进行产业化的重要意义,介绍了住宅产业循环经济的发展现状和问题,并提出完善立法,推广全装修住宅、钢结构住宅;开发低成本回收技术,以及抓好示范、推广工作等实现途径和措施。     

提高房屋抗震能力是有效减轻地震灾害的关键

人类不断经历着地震的洗礼,也在不断总结地震带给人类的教训."7·28"唐山大地震、"5·12"汶川大地震……一次次事实说明,地震发生时引起的建筑物倒塌是造成地震灾害的根本原因,提高房屋建筑抗震能力是有效减轻地震灾害的有效途径,严格防震减灾、建筑等各项法律法规和抗震设防相关强制性标准是建设具有抗震能力房屋建筑,抗御地震风险的根本保障.     

上覆岩层性质对采空区地表变形影响研究

采空区引发地表变形问题是环境岩土工程领域的重要研究课题。本文以有限元分析软件ANSYS为基础,通过数值模拟方法研究了采空区上方不同性质岩层以及不同上覆岩层组合形式对采空区地表沉降变形的影响。揭示了上覆岩层性质对采空区地表变形的影响规律。     

Vulnerability to typhoon hazards in the coastal informal settlements of Metro Manila,the Philippines

In many low‐ and middle‐income countries informal communities—also termed slum and squatter areas—have become a dominant and distinct form of urban settlement, with ever increasing populations. Such communities are often located in areas of high hazard exposure and frequently affected by disasters. While often recognised as one of the highest ‘at risk’ populations, this paper will argue that informal settlers have been directly and indirectly excluded from many formal mechanisms, thereby increasing their vulnerability to disaster events. Household surveys were conducted across several frequently flooded informal coastal communities in Metro Manila, the Philippines, following a major typhoon and storm surge disaster. The study revealed a large level of diversity in socio‐economic vulnerability, although all households faced similar levels of physical exposure and physical vulnerability. Disaster risk reduction policies and responses need to better integrate informal settlement areas and recognise the diversity within these communities.     

大空间公用建筑火灾积木式多功能火蔓延特性实验台的研制

针对大空间公用建筑火灾火蔓延的特点,在积木式设计原理的指导下,完成了大空间公用建筑火灾积木式多功能火蔓延实验台的建造,并对变换火蔓延实验方式的组合拼接方法给予了详细说明。     

建筑给水排水节水节能方法探讨

建筑给水排水工程的节水节能不容忽视．因节约用水能给社会带来环境效益、经济效益和社会效益．本文从建筑给排水系统的设计、建筑污水处理回用等角度,研究探讨了建筑给水排水节水应采取的途征和方法,以获得最大的节水效果,表1,参4．     

基于组合赋权法和云理论的震后重建住宅工程质量评价研究

针对地震灾区重建住宅工程的质量等级评价具有模糊性和随机性的特点,提出了关于云模型的震后重建住宅工程质量评价方法。着重考虑住宅安全性的需求,建立了震后重建住宅工程质量评价指标体系,首先采用层次分析法(AHP）与信息熵法分别确定主、客观权重,然后运用博弈论思想将主、客观权重优化组合,得到综合权重;最后以汶川地震后芦山某重建住宅工程为例,综合利用正、逆云发生器及虚拟云理论得到各级指标的评价云滴图,与质量等级标准云作相似性比较。结果表明:该重建社区的住宅质量等级总体为“良”,一级指标中抗震安全等级为“优”,重建效率评价为“中”。算例的结果表明该方法能够直观、生动地反映各级指标间的相互关系,有利于评估者对各指标因素的全局把握。