国内外群体建筑物震害预测方法研究现状综述

群体建筑物震害预测是确定一个城市或地区某一类建筑在确定强度或某一确定时期内的地震作用下,发生某种破坏程度的概率,其目的是分析建筑物在遭受不同地震烈度影响时可能产生的破坏。系统梳理了现今为止国内外群体建筑物震害预测的学术研究现状,总结归纳了国内外传统的群体建筑物震害预测方法和近二十年来国内对于传统震害预测方法的改进研究进展,以期为城市群体建筑物震害预测研究提供新的视角和基础资料。     

Building contraventions and incidence of flood in the Lagos Metropolis,Nigeria

Frequent floods have led to loss of lives and destruction of property in both coastal and landlocked cities across the globe, particularly where floodplains have been developed without recourse to space standards. This paper investigated the contributions of contravention of building codes to flooding in flood-prone areas in the Lagos metropolis. Global Positioning Systems (GPSs) were used to determine the location and elevation above sea level of 1,025 buildings situated in 211 streets that were prone to flooding. The distance of buildings from drainage channels/the lagoon was determined in ArcGIS 10.2 environment. Findings revealed that building code contravention contributed significantly to flooding (r = 0.926). About 63.5% and 63.3% of sampled buildings contravened building-plot ratio and statutory setbacks from drainage channels/the lagoon, respectively. Proactive urban planning, strict enforcement of building codes and development control regulations are required to reduce flooding and its consequences in cities of developing nations where flooding has become an annual occurrence.     

The ambiguity of federalism in climate policy-making: how the political system in Austria hinders mitigation and facilitates adaptation

Although the impacts of federalism on environmental policy-making are still contested, many policy analysts emphasise its advantages in climate policy-making. This applies to the mitigation of climate change, in particular when federal governments (as in the U.S.) are inactive. More recently, federalism is also expected to empower sub-national actors in adapting to local impacts of climate change. The present paper analyses the role federalism in Austria played in greening the decentralised building sector (relevant for mitigation) on the one hand, and in improving regional flood risk management (relevant for adaptation) on the other. In line with the so-called matching school of the environmental federalism research strand we conclude that Austrian federalism proved to be more appropriate for regional flood protection than for mitigating climate change. We highlight that it is not federalism per se but federalism embedded in various contextual factors that shape environmental policy-making. Among these factors are the spatial scale of an environmental problem, the nitty-gritty of polity systems, and national politics (such as federal positions on climate change mitigation).     

长沙市冬季某商场建筑室内外细颗粒物浓度的实测与分析

对长沙市冬季某商场建筑室内餐饮区、化妆品区、鞋包区、服饰区和室外同步进行了细颗粒物(PM2.5)质量浓度的实测.分析了室内不同功能区、室外PM2.5质量浓度随时间的变化特征,并分析了温度、相对湿度、风速、大气压力对PM2.5质量浓度的影响.结果表明:室外PM2.5质量浓度高于室内;室内餐饮区PM2.5质量浓度最高,其次是化妆品区和服装区,鞋包区最低;室内人为活动和室外污染共同影响着室内颗粒物质量浓度;风速与PM2.5质量浓度相关性较弱,温度、相对湿度、大气压力与PM2.5质量浓度具有较强的相关性.     

浅谈加强锦州市环境监测能力建设研究

分析了目前锦州市环境监测工作所面临的形势、监测能力现状及突出存在的问题.提出了以“三个说得清”为目标,统筹协调,扎实工作,在即将到来的“十三五”,明确未来五年质量控制工作重点,加强环境监测能力建设,提升影响力,充分适应社会发展要求以及科学技术的日益进步和监测技术的不断更新,切实提高综合监测能力和整体水平,细化目标责任考核细则,切实抓好“内强素质、外树形象”工作,使环境监测工作再上新台阶.     

双线盾构隧道斜交下穿既有机场高速公路的地表沉降预测模型研究*

为指导隧道盾构下穿既有建构筑物施工的变形控制,考虑隧道收敛模式和复合地层主要影响角的影响,以双线圆形盾构隧道斜交下穿既有机场高速公路为例,构建圆形隧道地层主要影响角计算方法,改进传统Peck公式,分析盾构斜交角、盾构坡角和隆起偏角的共同影响,引入地层损失率几何修正系数,并利用叠加原理建立双线盾构隧道斜交下穿既有机场高速公路的地表沉降预测模型,依托实际工程对预测模型的工程适用性进行验证。研究结果表明:本文预测模型的整体精度相比Suwansawat等预测模型提升44.15％,可预测施工影响范围内任意点的地表沉降值,相比现有模型更适用于解决双线盾构隧道斜交下穿施工的地表沉降预测问题,可为类似工程中的地表沉降变形预测及控制提供指导。     

建筑退让道路红线与城市消防安全布防探讨

后退道路红线,除具有城市景观布置、人流物流疏导等一般城市属性作用外,担负着抢险救灾、战争等众多涉及消防安全布防的重要功能.后退道路红线规划管理的严重滞后,对城市消防安全形成了严重挑战,是城市消防管理的重大遗漏.本文对后退道路红线与城市消防安全布防的内在关系进行了梳理,厘清了建筑控制线失控的原因,给出了解决这一问题的清晰路线图,以期能在今后城市建设及城市消防安全管理和布防的理论、规划和实践中加以匡正.     

Compromises of Bali Roadmap

The Bali Roadmap, as the breakthrough on intergovernmental negotiation of climate change mitigation, having brought United States on track, is still a result of compromises. The major compromises of the Bali Roadmap are centered around three issues of quantifying emission reduction targets, developing countries＇ obligations as well as quantifying developed countries＇ financial assistance in developing countries＇ capacity building on climate change. It is found that the rationalities behind these compromises are the national interests. Due to the fact, achieving cohesion among all nations in climate change actions is very difficult. Therefore, the Bali Roadmap may lead to a tough way with distant hope. However, technology innovation and well-designed economic instruments would be helpful and supportive for further international negotiation and cooperation.     

填埋场粘土衬里破坏机理分析

填埋场粘土衬里可能发生开裂、开孔、解体等形式的破坏。开裂的主要机理是干湿循环作用、物理化学作用及差异沉降作用。开孔的主要机理是管涌和穿透。边坡失稳和冻融循环可能使粘土衬里的连结结构解体。     

地震中造成建筑物毁损的耦合效应

通过对北川地震灾区损毁建筑物的实地调查,指出震区建筑物毁损是由地质背景条件、建设场区地基土特性及建筑施工技术等多种因素的耦合效应造成的.地震诱发滑坡、崩塌、砂七液化等次生地质灾害造成建筑物场区失稳、失效,是震区建筑物毁损的重要原因.震区房屋毁损的特点是砖混结构和复杂建筑破坏严重,框架结构房屋和建筑幕墙等其他建筑破坏各有特点.在综合分析使建筑物毁损的耦合效应的基础上,提出了提高震区设防烈度、科学选址及吸收国内外先进抗震经验的思路,为灾后重建工作积累科学资料.